Introductory Statistics (2nd Edition)
2nd Edition
ISBN: 9780321978271
Author: Robert Gould, Colleen N. Ryan
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 2, Problem 55CRE
Hormone Replacement Therapy The use of the drug Prempro, a combination of two female hormones that many women take after menopause, is called hormone replacement therapy (HRT). In July 2002, a medical article reported the results of a study that was done to determine the effects of Prempro on many diseases. (Source: Writing Group for the Women’s Health Initiative Investigators, “Risks and Benefits of Estrogen Plus Progestin in Healthy Postmenopausal Women,” JAMA 388 [2002]: 321-33)
The study was placebo-controlled, randomized, and double-blind. From studies like these, it is possible to make statements about cause and effect. The figure shows comparisons of disease rates in the study.
a. For which diseases was the disease rate higher for those who took HRT? And for which diseases was the rate lower for those who took HRT?
b. Why do you suppose we compare the rate per 10,000 women (per year), rather than just reporting the numbers of women observed who got the disease?
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Researchers are interested in conducting a study to determine if men or women suffer more from anxiety. Would you conduct an experimental study or an observational study to answer this question?
Coffee and Depression. Researchers conducted a study investigating the relationship between caffeinated coffee consumption and risk of depression in women. They collected data on 50,739 women free of depression symptoms at the start of the study in the year 1996, and these women were followed through 2006. The researchers used questionnaires to collect data on caffeinated coffee consumption, asked each individual about physician- diagnosed depression, and also asked about the use of antidepressants. The table below shows the distribution of incidences of depression by amount of caffeinated coffee consumption.
Coffee
≤ 1
2-6
1
2-3
≥ 4
Consumption
cup/week
cups/week
cup/day
cups/day
cups/day
Total
Clinical
Yes
670
373
905
564
95
2,607
depression
No
11,545
6,244
16,329
11,726
2,288
48,132
Total
12,215
6,617
17,234…
Chapter 2 Solutions
Introductory Statistics (2nd Edition)
Ch. 2 - Body Mass Index The Dotplot shows body mass index...Ch. 2 - Cholesterol Levels The dotplot shows the...Ch. 2 - Ages of CEOs The histogram shows frequencies for...Ch. 2 - Sleep Hours The relative frequency histogram shows...Ch. 2 - Televisions (Example 1) The histogram shows the...Ch. 2 - Exercise Hours The histogram shows the...Ch. 2 - Shoes The graph is a dotplot of the number of...Ch. 2 - Condo Rental The dotplot shows rental prices per...Ch. 2 - Speeding Tickets (Example 2) A teacher asks 90...Ch. 2 - Breakfast Predict the shape of the distribution of...
Ch. 2 - Arm spans (Example 3) According to the ancient...Ch. 2 - Tuition The distribution of in-state annual...Ch. 2 - Ages of CEOs (Example 4) From the histogram in...Ch. 2 - Sleep Hours From the histogram shown in Exercise...Ch. 2 - Commute Times (Example 5) Use the histograms to...Ch. 2 - Spending on Clothes The histograms show the...Ch. 2 - Education (Example 6) In 2012, the General Social...Ch. 2 - Siblings The histogram shows the distribution of...Ch. 2 - Years of Education The GSS asked people how many...Ch. 2 - Hours Worked In the 2012 General Social Survey,...Ch. 2 - Matching Histograms match each of the following...Ch. 2 - Matching Histograms Match each of the following...Ch. 2 - Matching Match each description with the correct...Ch. 2 - Matching Match each description with the correct...Ch. 2 - Eating Out and jobs College students Jacqueline...Ch. 2 - Comparing Weights of Baseball and Soccer Players...Ch. 2 - Textbook Prices The table shows prices of 50...Ch. 2 - SAT scores The following table shows a random...Ch. 2 - Animal Longevity The following table in Exercise...Ch. 2 - Animal Gestation Periods The accompanying table...Ch. 2 - Tax Rate A StatCrunch survey asked people what...Ch. 2 - Pets A StatCrunch survey asked people whether they...Ch. 2 - Law School Tuition Data are shown for the cost of...Ch. 2 - Text Messages Recently, 115 users of StatCrunch...Ch. 2 - Beer, Calories Data are available on the number of...Ch. 2 - Beer, Alcohol Data are available on the percent...Ch. 2 - Changing Multiple-Choice Answers When Told Not to...Ch. 2 - Preventable Deaths According to the World Health...Ch. 2 - U.S. Distribution of wealth (Example 8) Michael...Ch. 2 - Education The graph shows the education of...Ch. 2 - Political Party Affiliation: Men The 2012 General...Ch. 2 - Political Party Affiliation Women The 2012 General...Ch. 2 - Prob. 43SECh. 2 - Retail Car Sales With gas prices rising, as they...Ch. 2 - Majors The table gives information on college...Ch. 2 - Adoptions The table gives information on the top...Ch. 2 - Garage The accompanying graph shows the...Ch. 2 - Body Image A student has gathered data on...Ch. 2 - Pie Chart of Sleep Hours The pie chart reports the...Ch. 2 - Age and Gender The following graph shows the ages...Ch. 2 - Musicians Survey: StatCrunch Graph The...Ch. 2 - Cell Phone Use Refer to the accompanying bar...Ch. 2 - Television The table shows the first few entries...Ch. 2 - Job The table shows the job categories for some...Ch. 2 - Hormone Replacement Therapy The use of the drug...Ch. 2 - E-Music The bar graph shows information reported...Ch. 2 - Hormone Replacement Therapy Again The following...Ch. 2 - Holding Your Breath A group of students held their...Ch. 2 - Global Temperatures The histograms show the...Ch. 2 - Employment after Law School Accredited law schools...Ch. 2 - Position for Breathing The graph shows the results...Ch. 2 - Opinions on Global Warming People were asked...Ch. 2 - Create a dotplot that has at least 10 observations...Ch. 2 - Create a dotplot that has at least 10 observations...Ch. 2 - Traffic Cameras College students Jeannette Mujica,...Ch. 2 - Ideal Weight Thirty-nine students (26 women and 13...Ch. 2 - MPH The graphs show the distribution of...Ch. 2 - Shoe Sizes The graph shows shoe sizes for men and...Ch. 2 - CEO Salaries Predict the shape of the distribution...Ch. 2 - Cigarettes A physician asks all of his patients to...Ch. 2 - Changing Multiple-Choice Answers When Told to Do...Ch. 2 - ER Visits for Injuries The graph shows the rates...
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