(a) Interpretation: Given uncharged molecule is to be identified as polar or nonpolar, using its electrostatic potential map. If the molecule is polar, the direction of its net molecular dipole moment it to be determined. Concept introduction: A polar bond is one in which the bond pair is unequally shared by the two atoms. A partial positive charge is developed on the less electronegative atom while and an equal but negative partial charge is developed on the more electronegative atom. Molecules that contain more than one polar bond may or may not have a net dipole moment. The dipole moment is a vector quantity. The net molecular dipole moment is the result of the vector addition of all the individual dipole moments. Depending on the symmetry of the molecule, the individual bond dipoles can partly or completely cancel or reinforce each other. A bond dipole or a molecular dipole is represented by an arrow pointing from the atom or region with a partial positive charge toward an atom or region with a partial negative charge. Electrostatic potential maps of molecules show the distribution of electron density in different parts of the molecule. The electron density is represented by different colors, ranging from blue to red. Blue color indicates a low electron density, an atom or region with a partial positive charge. Red color indicates high electron density, an atom or region with a partial negative charge.

Question

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Answer 1

Question

Chapter 2, Problem 2.40P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

Given uncharged molecule is to be identified as polar or nonpolar, using its electrostatic potential map. If the molecule is polar, the direction of its net molecular dipole moment it to be determined.

Concept introduction:

A polar bond is one in which the bond pair is unequally shared by the two atoms.

A partial positive charge is developed on the less electronegative atom while and an equal but negative partial charge is developed on the more electronegative atom.

Molecules that contain more than one polar bond may or may not have a net dipole moment. The dipole moment is a vector quantity. The net molecular dipole moment is the result of the vector addition of all the individual dipole moments. Depending on the symmetry of the molecule, the individual bond dipoles can partly or completely cancel or reinforce each other.

A bond dipole or a molecular dipole is represented by an arrow pointing from the atom or region with a partial positive charge toward an atom or region with a partial negative charge.

Electrostatic potential maps of molecules show the distribution of electron density in different parts of the molecule. The electron density is represented by different colors, ranging from blue to red. Blue color indicates a low electron density, an atom or region with a partial positive charge. Red color indicates high electron density, an atom or region with a partial negative charge.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 2.40P

The electrostatic potential map shows that the molecule is nonpolar.

Explanation of Solution

Organic Chemistry: Principles and Mechanisms (Second Edition), Chapter 2, Problem 2.40P , additional homework tip 1

The electrostatic potential map shows the molecule with a negative charge concentrated at the center, with positive charge distributed symmetrically around the center. This shows that the individual bond dipoles are all of equal magnitude, and they all point toward the center. The vector addition of these dipoles will be zero because of their symmetric distribution. Therefore, the molecule is nonpolar.

Conclusion

The net dipole moment of a molecule is the vector sum of the individual bond dipoles.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

Given uncharged molecule is to be identified as polar or nonpolar, using its electrostatic potential map. If the molecule is polar, the direction of its net molecular dipole moment it to be determined.

Concept introduction:

A polar bond is one in which the bond pair is unequally shared by the two atoms.

A partial positive charge is developed on the less electronegative atom while and an equal but negative partial charge is developed on the more electronegative atom.

Molecules that contain more than one polar bond may or may not have a net dipole moment. The dipole moment is a vector quantity. The net molecular dipole moment is the result of the vector addition of all the individual dipole moments. Depending on the symmetry of the molecule, the individual bond dipoles can partly or completely cancel or reinforce each other.

A bond dipole or a molecular dipole is represented by an arrow pointing from the atom or region with a partial positive charge toward an atom or region with a partial negative charge.

Electrostatic potential maps of molecules show the distribution of electron density in different parts of the molecule. The electron density is represented by different colors, ranging from blue to red. Blue color indicates a low electron density, an atom or region with a partial positive charge. Red color indicates high electron density, an atom or region with a partial negative charge.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 2.40P

The electrostatic potential map shows that the molecule is nonpolar.

Explanation of Solution

Organic Chemistry: Principles and Mechanisms (Second Edition), Chapter 2, Problem 2.40P , additional homework tip 2

The electrostatic potential map shows a molecule with a negative charge concentrated at the center, with positive charge distributed symmetrically around the center. This shows that the individual bond dipoles are all of equal magnitude, and they all point toward the center. The vector addition of these dipoles will be zero because of their symmetric distribution. Therefore, the molecule is nonpolar.

Conclusion

The net dipole moment of a molecule is the vector sum of the individual bond dipoles.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The given uncharged molecule is to be identified as polar or nonpolar, using its electrostatic potential map. If the molecule is polar, the direction of its net molecular dipole moment it to be determined.

Concept introduction:

A polar bond is one in which the bond pair is unequally shared by the two atoms.

A partial positive charge is developed on the less electronegative atom while and an equal but negative partial charge is developed on the more electronegative atom.

Molecules that contain more than one polar bond may or may not have a net dipole moment. The dipole moment is a vector quantity. The net molecular dipole moment is the result of the vector addition of all the individual dipole moments. Depending on the symmetry of the molecule, the individual bond dipoles can partly or completely cancel or reinforce each other.

A bond dipole or a molecular dipole is represented by an arrow pointing from the atom or region with a partial positive charge toward an atom or region with a partial negative charge.

Electrostatic potential maps of molecules show the distribution of electron density in different parts of the molecule. The electron density is represented by different colors, ranging from blue to red. Blue color indicates a low electron density, an atom or region with a partial positive charge. Red color indicates high electron density, an atom or region with a partial negative charge.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 2.40P

The electrostatic potential map shows that the molecule is polar.

The direction of the net molecular dipole is downward as shown below.

Organic Chemistry: Principles and Mechanisms (Second Edition), Chapter 2, Problem 2.40P , additional homework tip 3

Explanation of Solution

Organic Chemistry: Principles and Mechanisms (Second Edition), Chapter 2, Problem 2.40P , additional homework tip 4

The electrostatic potential map shows a molecule with an asymmetric charge distribution. The positive charge is concentrated on the atom at the top, while the negative charge is distributed on three atoms at the bottom. The individual bond dipoles will therefore not cancel completely. Therefore, the molecule is polar.

The direction of the molecular dipole will be downward, as shown below by the black arrow.

Organic Chemistry: Principles and Mechanisms (Second Edition), Chapter 2, Problem 2.40P , additional homework tip 5

Conclusion

The net dipole moment of a molecule is the vector sum of the individual bond dipoles.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The given uncharged molecule is to be identified as polar or nonpolar, using its electrostatic potential map. If the molecule is polar, the direction of its net molecular dipole moment it to be determined.

Concept introduction:

A polar bond is one in which the bond pair is unequally shared by the two atoms.

A partial positive charge is developed on the less electronegative atom while and an equal but negative partial charge is developed on the more electronegative atom.

Molecules that contain more than one polar bond may or may not have a net dipole moment. The dipole moment is a vector quantity. The net molecular dipole moment is the result of the vector addition of all the individual dipole moments. Depending on the symmetry of the molecule, the individual bond dipoles can partly or completely cancel or reinforce each other.

A bond dipole or a molecular dipole is represented by an arrow pointing from the atom or region with a partial positive charge toward an atom or region with a partial negative charge.

Electrostatic potential maps of molecules show the distribution of electron density in different parts of the molecule. The electron density is represented by different colors, ranging from blue to red. Blue color indicates a low electron density, an atom or region with a partial positive charge. Red color indicates high electron density, an atom or region with a partial negative charge.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 2.40P

The electrostatic potential map shows that the molecule is polar.

The direction of the net molecular dipole is upward, as shown below.

Organic Chemistry: Principles and Mechanisms (Second Edition), Chapter 2, Problem 2.40P , additional homework tip 6

Explanation of Solution

Organic Chemistry: Principles and Mechanisms (Second Edition), Chapter 2, Problem 2.40P , additional homework tip 7

The electrostatic potential map shows a molecule with a negative charge distributed on two atoms at the top and the positive charge distributed on two atoms at the bottom. This shows that the individual bond dipoles both point approximately upward and slightly away from the center line. The vector addition of these dipoles will be nonzero. Therefore, the molecule is polar.

The direction of the net dipole moment will be upward as shown below.

Organic Chemistry: Principles and Mechanisms (Second Edition), Chapter 2, Problem 2.40P , additional homework tip 8

Conclusion

The net dipole moment of a molecule is the vector sum of the individual bond dipoles.

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

The given uncharged molecule is to be identified as polar or nonpolar, using its electrostatic potential map. If the molecule is polar, the direction of its net molecular dipole moment it to be determined.

Concept introduction:

A polar bond is one in which the bond pair is unequally shared by the two atoms.

A partial positive charge is developed on the less electronegative atom while and an equal but negative partial charge is developed on the more electronegative atom.

Molecules that contain more than one polar bond may or may not have a net dipole moment. The dipole moment is a vector quantity. The net molecular dipole moment is the result of the vector addition of all the individual dipole moments. Depending on the symmetry of the molecule, the individual bond dipoles can partly or completely cancel or reinforce each other.

A bond dipole or a molecular dipole is represented by an arrow pointing from the atom or region with a partial positive charge toward an atom or region with a partial negative charge.

Electrostatic potential maps of molecules show the distribution of electron density in different parts of the molecule. The electron density is represented by different colors, ranging from blue to red. Blue color indicates a low electron density, an atom or region with a partial positive charge. Red color indicates high electron density, an atom or region with a partial negative charge.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 2.40P

The electrostatic potential map shows that the molecule is polar.

The direction of the net molecular dipole is upward as shown below.

Organic Chemistry: Principles and Mechanisms (Second Edition), Chapter 2, Problem 2.40P , additional homework tip 9

Explanation of Solution

Organic Chemistry: Principles and Mechanisms (Second Edition), Chapter 2, Problem 2.40P , additional homework tip 10

The electrostatic potential map shows a molecule with a negative charge concentrated on the atom at the top center, with positive charge distributed over atoms on the side and at the bottom. This shows that the individual bond dipoles are not symmetrically distributed and will not cancel out completely. Therefore, the molecule is polar.

The direction of the net molecular dipole will be upward because of the concentration of negative charge at the top and a symmetrical distribution of the positive charge in the rest of the molecule.

Organic Chemistry: Principles and Mechanisms (Second Edition), Chapter 2, Problem 2.40P , additional homework tip 11

Conclusion

The net dipole moment of a molecule is the vector sum of the individual bond dipoles.

Interpretation Introduction

(f)

Interpretation:

The given uncharged molecule is to be identified as polar or nonpolar, using its electrostatic potential map. If the molecule is polar, the direction of its net molecular dipole moment it to be determined.

Concept introduction:

A polar bond is one in which the bond pair is unequally shared by the two atoms.

A partial positive charge is developed on the less electronegative atom while and an equal but negative partial charge is developed on the more electronegative atom.

Molecules that contain more than one polar bond may or may not have a net dipole moment. The dipole moment is a vector quantity. The net molecular dipole moment is the result of the vector addition of all the individual dipole moments. Depending on the symmetry of the molecule, the individual bond dipoles can partly or completely cancel or reinforce each other.

A bond dipole or a molecular dipole is represented by an arrow pointing from the atom or region with a partial positive charge toward an atom or region with a partial negative charge.

Electrostatic potential maps of molecules show the distribution of electron density in different parts of the molecule. The electron density is represented by different colors, ranging from blue to red. Blue color indicates a low electron density, an atom or region with a partial positive charge. Red color indicates high electron density, an atom or region with a partial negative charge.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 2.40P

The electrostatic potential map shows that the molecule is nonpolar.

Explanation of Solution

Organic Chemistry: Principles and Mechanisms (Second Edition), Chapter 2, Problem 2.40P , additional homework tip 12

The electrostatic potential map shows a charge distribution that is symmetric about the center of the molecule with two negative regions opposite each other across the center as well as two positive regions across the center. The individual bond dipoles will therefore cancel out completely. Therefore, the net dipole moment will be zero, and the molecule will be nonpolar.

Conclusion

The net dipole moment of a molecule is the vector sum of the individual bond dipoles.

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Students have asked these similar questions

Please help me with # 4 and 5. Thanks in advance!

A small artisanal cheesemaker is testing the acidity of their milk before it coagulates. During fermentation, bacteria produce lactic acid (K₁ = 1.4 x 104), a weak acid that helps to curdle the milk and develop flavor. The cheesemaker has measured that the developing mixture contains lactic acid at an initial concentration of 0.025 M. Your task is to calculate the pH of this mixture and determine whether it meets the required acidity for proper cheese development. To achieve the best flavor, texture and reduce/control microbial growth, the pH range needs to be between pH 4.6 and 5.0. Assumptions: Lactic acid is a monoprotic acid H H :0:0: H-C-C H :0: O-H Figure 1: Lewis Structure for Lactic Acid For simplicity, you can use the generic formula HA to represent the acid You can assume lactic acid dissociation is in water as milk is mostly water. Temperature is 25°C 1. Write the K, expression for the dissociation of lactic acid in the space provided. Do not forget to include state symbols.…

Curved arrows are used to illustrate the flow of electrons. Using the provided starting and product structures, draw the curved electron-pushing arrows for the following reaction or mechanistic step(s). Be sure to account for all bond-breaking and bond-making steps. :0: :0 H. 0:0 :0: :6: S: :0: Select to Edit Arrows ::0 Select to Edit Arrows H :0: H :CI: Rotation Select to Edit Arrows H. < :0: :0: :0: S:

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 2, Problem 2.40P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

Given uncharged molecule is to be identified as polar or nonpolar, using its electrostatic potential map. If the molecule is polar, the direction of its net molecular dipole moment it to be determined.

Concept introduction:

A polar bond is one in which the bond pair is unequally shared by the two atoms.

A partial positive charge is developed on the less electronegative atom while and an equal but negative partial charge is developed on the more electronegative atom.

Molecules that contain more than one polar bond may or may not have a net dipole moment. The dipole moment is a vector quantity. The net molecular dipole moment is the result of the vector addition of all the individual dipole moments. Depending on the symmetry of the molecule, the individual bond dipoles can partly or completely cancel or reinforce each other.

A bond dipole or a molecular dipole is represented by an arrow pointing from the atom or region with a partial positive charge toward an atom or region with a partial negative charge.

Electrostatic potential maps of molecules show the distribution of electron density in different parts of the molecule. The electron density is represented by different colors, ranging from blue to red. Blue color indicates a low electron density, an atom or region with a partial positive charge. Red color indicates high electron density, an atom or region with a partial negative charge.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 2.40P

The electrostatic potential map shows that the molecule is nonpolar.

Explanation of Solution

Organic Chemistry: Principles and Mechanisms (Second Edition), Chapter 2, Problem 2.40P , additional homework tip 1

The electrostatic potential map shows the molecule with a negative charge concentrated at the center, with positive charge distributed symmetrically around the center. This shows that the individual bond dipoles are all of equal magnitude, and they all point toward the center. The vector addition of these dipoles will be zero because of their symmetric distribution. Therefore, the molecule is nonpolar.

Conclusion

The net dipole moment of a molecule is the vector sum of the individual bond dipoles.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

Given uncharged molecule is to be identified as polar or nonpolar, using its electrostatic potential map. If the molecule is polar, the direction of its net molecular dipole moment it to be determined.

Concept introduction:

A polar bond is one in which the bond pair is unequally shared by the two atoms.

A partial positive charge is developed on the less electronegative atom while and an equal but negative partial charge is developed on the more electronegative atom.

Molecules that contain more than one polar bond may or may not have a net dipole moment. The dipole moment is a vector quantity. The net molecular dipole moment is the result of the vector addition of all the individual dipole moments. Depending on the symmetry of the molecule, the individual bond dipoles can partly or completely cancel or reinforce each other.

A bond dipole or a molecular dipole is represented by an arrow pointing from the atom or region with a partial positive charge toward an atom or region with a partial negative charge.

Electrostatic potential maps of molecules show the distribution of electron density in different parts of the molecule. The electron density is represented by different colors, ranging from blue to red. Blue color indicates a low electron density, an atom or region with a partial positive charge. Red color indicates high electron density, an atom or region with a partial negative charge.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 2.40P

The electrostatic potential map shows that the molecule is nonpolar.

Explanation of Solution

Organic Chemistry: Principles and Mechanisms (Second Edition), Chapter 2, Problem 2.40P , additional homework tip 2

The electrostatic potential map shows a molecule with a negative charge concentrated at the center, with positive charge distributed symmetrically around the center. This shows that the individual bond dipoles are all of equal magnitude, and they all point toward the center. The vector addition of these dipoles will be zero because of their symmetric distribution. Therefore, the molecule is nonpolar.

Conclusion

The net dipole moment of a molecule is the vector sum of the individual bond dipoles.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The given uncharged molecule is to be identified as polar or nonpolar, using its electrostatic potential map. If the molecule is polar, the direction of its net molecular dipole moment it to be determined.

Concept introduction:

A polar bond is one in which the bond pair is unequally shared by the two atoms.

A partial positive charge is developed on the less electronegative atom while and an equal but negative partial charge is developed on the more electronegative atom.

Molecules that contain more than one polar bond may or may not have a net dipole moment. The dipole moment is a vector quantity. The net molecular dipole moment is the result of the vector addition of all the individual dipole moments. Depending on the symmetry of the molecule, the individual bond dipoles can partly or completely cancel or reinforce each other.

A bond dipole or a molecular dipole is represented by an arrow pointing from the atom or region with a partial positive charge toward an atom or region with a partial negative charge.

Electrostatic potential maps of molecules show the distribution of electron density in different parts of the molecule. The electron density is represented by different colors, ranging from blue to red. Blue color indicates a low electron density, an atom or region with a partial positive charge. Red color indicates high electron density, an atom or region with a partial negative charge.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 2.40P

The electrostatic potential map shows that the molecule is polar.

The direction of the net molecular dipole is downward as shown below.

Organic Chemistry: Principles and Mechanisms (Second Edition), Chapter 2, Problem 2.40P , additional homework tip 3

Explanation of Solution

Organic Chemistry: Principles and Mechanisms (Second Edition), Chapter 2, Problem 2.40P , additional homework tip 4

The electrostatic potential map shows a molecule with an asymmetric charge distribution. The positive charge is concentrated on the atom at the top, while the negative charge is distributed on three atoms at the bottom. The individual bond dipoles will therefore not cancel completely. Therefore, the molecule is polar.

The direction of the molecular dipole will be downward, as shown below by the black arrow.

Organic Chemistry: Principles and Mechanisms (Second Edition), Chapter 2, Problem 2.40P , additional homework tip 5

Conclusion

The net dipole moment of a molecule is the vector sum of the individual bond dipoles.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The given uncharged molecule is to be identified as polar or nonpolar, using its electrostatic potential map. If the molecule is polar, the direction of its net molecular dipole moment it to be determined.

Concept introduction:

A polar bond is one in which the bond pair is unequally shared by the two atoms.

A partial positive charge is developed on the less electronegative atom while and an equal but negative partial charge is developed on the more electronegative atom.

Molecules that contain more than one polar bond may or may not have a net dipole moment. The dipole moment is a vector quantity. The net molecular dipole moment is the result of the vector addition of all the individual dipole moments. Depending on the symmetry of the molecule, the individual bond dipoles can partly or completely cancel or reinforce each other.

A bond dipole or a molecular dipole is represented by an arrow pointing from the atom or region with a partial positive charge toward an atom or region with a partial negative charge.

Electrostatic potential maps of molecules show the distribution of electron density in different parts of the molecule. The electron density is represented by different colors, ranging from blue to red. Blue color indicates a low electron density, an atom or region with a partial positive charge. Red color indicates high electron density, an atom or region with a partial negative charge.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 2.40P

The electrostatic potential map shows that the molecule is polar.

The direction of the net molecular dipole is upward, as shown below.

Organic Chemistry: Principles and Mechanisms (Second Edition), Chapter 2, Problem 2.40P , additional homework tip 6

Explanation of Solution

Organic Chemistry: Principles and Mechanisms (Second Edition), Chapter 2, Problem 2.40P , additional homework tip 7

The electrostatic potential map shows a molecule with a negative charge distributed on two atoms at the top and the positive charge distributed on two atoms at the bottom. This shows that the individual bond dipoles both point approximately upward and slightly away from the center line. The vector addition of these dipoles will be nonzero. Therefore, the molecule is polar.

The direction of the net dipole moment will be upward as shown below.

Organic Chemistry: Principles and Mechanisms (Second Edition), Chapter 2, Problem 2.40P , additional homework tip 8

Conclusion

The net dipole moment of a molecule is the vector sum of the individual bond dipoles.

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

The given uncharged molecule is to be identified as polar or nonpolar, using its electrostatic potential map. If the molecule is polar, the direction of its net molecular dipole moment it to be determined.

Concept introduction:

A polar bond is one in which the bond pair is unequally shared by the two atoms.

A partial positive charge is developed on the less electronegative atom while and an equal but negative partial charge is developed on the more electronegative atom.

Molecules that contain more than one polar bond may or may not have a net dipole moment. The dipole moment is a vector quantity. The net molecular dipole moment is the result of the vector addition of all the individual dipole moments. Depending on the symmetry of the molecule, the individual bond dipoles can partly or completely cancel or reinforce each other.

A bond dipole or a molecular dipole is represented by an arrow pointing from the atom or region with a partial positive charge toward an atom or region with a partial negative charge.

Electrostatic potential maps of molecules show the distribution of electron density in different parts of the molecule. The electron density is represented by different colors, ranging from blue to red. Blue color indicates a low electron density, an atom or region with a partial positive charge. Red color indicates high electron density, an atom or region with a partial negative charge.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 2.40P

The electrostatic potential map shows that the molecule is polar.

The direction of the net molecular dipole is upward as shown below.

Organic Chemistry: Principles and Mechanisms (Second Edition), Chapter 2, Problem 2.40P , additional homework tip 9

Explanation of Solution

Organic Chemistry: Principles and Mechanisms (Second Edition), Chapter 2, Problem 2.40P , additional homework tip 10

The electrostatic potential map shows a molecule with a negative charge concentrated on the atom at the top center, with positive charge distributed over atoms on the side and at the bottom. This shows that the individual bond dipoles are not symmetrically distributed and will not cancel out completely. Therefore, the molecule is polar.

The direction of the net molecular dipole will be upward because of the concentration of negative charge at the top and a symmetrical distribution of the positive charge in the rest of the molecule.

Organic Chemistry: Principles and Mechanisms (Second Edition), Chapter 2, Problem 2.40P , additional homework tip 11

Conclusion

The net dipole moment of a molecule is the vector sum of the individual bond dipoles.

Interpretation Introduction

(f)

Interpretation:

The given uncharged molecule is to be identified as polar or nonpolar, using its electrostatic potential map. If the molecule is polar, the direction of its net molecular dipole moment it to be determined.

Concept introduction:

A polar bond is one in which the bond pair is unequally shared by the two atoms.

A partial positive charge is developed on the less electronegative atom while and an equal but negative partial charge is developed on the more electronegative atom.

Molecules that contain more than one polar bond may or may not have a net dipole moment. The dipole moment is a vector quantity. The net molecular dipole moment is the result of the vector addition of all the individual dipole moments. Depending on the symmetry of the molecule, the individual bond dipoles can partly or completely cancel or reinforce each other.

A bond dipole or a molecular dipole is represented by an arrow pointing from the atom or region with a partial positive charge toward an atom or region with a partial negative charge.

Electrostatic potential maps of molecules show the distribution of electron density in different parts of the molecule. The electron density is represented by different colors, ranging from blue to red. Blue color indicates a low electron density, an atom or region with a partial positive charge. Red color indicates high electron density, an atom or region with a partial negative charge.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 2.40P

The electrostatic potential map shows that the molecule is nonpolar.

Explanation of Solution

Organic Chemistry: Principles and Mechanisms (Second Edition), Chapter 2, Problem 2.40P , additional homework tip 12

The electrostatic potential map shows a charge distribution that is symmetric about the center of the molecule with two negative regions opposite each other across the center as well as two positive regions across the center. The individual bond dipoles will therefore cancel out completely. Therefore, the net dipole moment will be zero, and the molecule will be nonpolar.

Conclusion

The net dipole moment of a molecule is the vector sum of the individual bond dipoles.

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Answer 3

Question

Chapter 2, Problem 2.40P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

Given uncharged molecule is to be identified as polar or nonpolar, using its electrostatic potential map. If the molecule is polar, the direction of its net molecular dipole moment it to be determined.

Concept introduction:

A polar bond is one in which the bond pair is unequally shared by the two atoms.

A partial positive charge is developed on the less electronegative atom while and an equal but negative partial charge is developed on the more electronegative atom.

Molecules that contain more than one polar bond may or may not have a net dipole moment. The dipole moment is a vector quantity. The net molecular dipole moment is the result of the vector addition of all the individual dipole moments. Depending on the symmetry of the molecule, the individual bond dipoles can partly or completely cancel or reinforce each other.

A bond dipole or a molecular dipole is represented by an arrow pointing from the atom or region with a partial positive charge toward an atom or region with a partial negative charge.

Electrostatic potential maps of molecules show the distribution of electron density in different parts of the molecule. The electron density is represented by different colors, ranging from blue to red. Blue color indicates a low electron density, an atom or region with a partial positive charge. Red color indicates high electron density, an atom or region with a partial negative charge.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 2.40P

The electrostatic potential map shows that the molecule is nonpolar.

Explanation of Solution

Organic Chemistry: Principles and Mechanisms (Second Edition), Chapter 2, Problem 2.40P , additional homework tip 1

The electrostatic potential map shows the molecule with a negative charge concentrated at the center, with positive charge distributed symmetrically around the center. This shows that the individual bond dipoles are all of equal magnitude, and they all point toward the center. The vector addition of these dipoles will be zero because of their symmetric distribution. Therefore, the molecule is nonpolar.

Conclusion

The net dipole moment of a molecule is the vector sum of the individual bond dipoles.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

Given uncharged molecule is to be identified as polar or nonpolar, using its electrostatic potential map. If the molecule is polar, the direction of its net molecular dipole moment it to be determined.

Concept introduction:

A polar bond is one in which the bond pair is unequally shared by the two atoms.

A partial positive charge is developed on the less electronegative atom while and an equal but negative partial charge is developed on the more electronegative atom.

Molecules that contain more than one polar bond may or may not have a net dipole moment. The dipole moment is a vector quantity. The net molecular dipole moment is the result of the vector addition of all the individual dipole moments. Depending on the symmetry of the molecule, the individual bond dipoles can partly or completely cancel or reinforce each other.

A bond dipole or a molecular dipole is represented by an arrow pointing from the atom or region with a partial positive charge toward an atom or region with a partial negative charge.

Electrostatic potential maps of molecules show the distribution of electron density in different parts of the molecule. The electron density is represented by different colors, ranging from blue to red. Blue color indicates a low electron density, an atom or region with a partial positive charge. Red color indicates high electron density, an atom or region with a partial negative charge.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 2.40P

The electrostatic potential map shows that the molecule is nonpolar.

Explanation of Solution

Organic Chemistry: Principles and Mechanisms (Second Edition), Chapter 2, Problem 2.40P , additional homework tip 2

The electrostatic potential map shows a molecule with a negative charge concentrated at the center, with positive charge distributed symmetrically around the center. This shows that the individual bond dipoles are all of equal magnitude, and they all point toward the center. The vector addition of these dipoles will be zero because of their symmetric distribution. Therefore, the molecule is nonpolar.

Conclusion

The net dipole moment of a molecule is the vector sum of the individual bond dipoles.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The given uncharged molecule is to be identified as polar or nonpolar, using its electrostatic potential map. If the molecule is polar, the direction of its net molecular dipole moment it to be determined.

Concept introduction:

A polar bond is one in which the bond pair is unequally shared by the two atoms.

A partial positive charge is developed on the less electronegative atom while and an equal but negative partial charge is developed on the more electronegative atom.

Molecules that contain more than one polar bond may or may not have a net dipole moment. The dipole moment is a vector quantity. The net molecular dipole moment is the result of the vector addition of all the individual dipole moments. Depending on the symmetry of the molecule, the individual bond dipoles can partly or completely cancel or reinforce each other.

A bond dipole or a molecular dipole is represented by an arrow pointing from the atom or region with a partial positive charge toward an atom or region with a partial negative charge.

Electrostatic potential maps of molecules show the distribution of electron density in different parts of the molecule. The electron density is represented by different colors, ranging from blue to red. Blue color indicates a low electron density, an atom or region with a partial positive charge. Red color indicates high electron density, an atom or region with a partial negative charge.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 2.40P

The electrostatic potential map shows that the molecule is polar.

The direction of the net molecular dipole is downward as shown below.

Organic Chemistry: Principles and Mechanisms (Second Edition), Chapter 2, Problem 2.40P , additional homework tip 3

Explanation of Solution

Organic Chemistry: Principles and Mechanisms (Second Edition), Chapter 2, Problem 2.40P , additional homework tip 4

The electrostatic potential map shows a molecule with an asymmetric charge distribution. The positive charge is concentrated on the atom at the top, while the negative charge is distributed on three atoms at the bottom. The individual bond dipoles will therefore not cancel completely. Therefore, the molecule is polar.

The direction of the molecular dipole will be downward, as shown below by the black arrow.

Organic Chemistry: Principles and Mechanisms (Second Edition), Chapter 2, Problem 2.40P , additional homework tip 5

Conclusion

The net dipole moment of a molecule is the vector sum of the individual bond dipoles.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The given uncharged molecule is to be identified as polar or nonpolar, using its electrostatic potential map. If the molecule is polar, the direction of its net molecular dipole moment it to be determined.

Concept introduction:

A polar bond is one in which the bond pair is unequally shared by the two atoms.

A partial positive charge is developed on the less electronegative atom while and an equal but negative partial charge is developed on the more electronegative atom.

Molecules that contain more than one polar bond may or may not have a net dipole moment. The dipole moment is a vector quantity. The net molecular dipole moment is the result of the vector addition of all the individual dipole moments. Depending on the symmetry of the molecule, the individual bond dipoles can partly or completely cancel or reinforce each other.

A bond dipole or a molecular dipole is represented by an arrow pointing from the atom or region with a partial positive charge toward an atom or region with a partial negative charge.

Electrostatic potential maps of molecules show the distribution of electron density in different parts of the molecule. The electron density is represented by different colors, ranging from blue to red. Blue color indicates a low electron density, an atom or region with a partial positive charge. Red color indicates high electron density, an atom or region with a partial negative charge.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 2.40P

The electrostatic potential map shows that the molecule is polar.

The direction of the net molecular dipole is upward, as shown below.

Organic Chemistry: Principles and Mechanisms (Second Edition), Chapter 2, Problem 2.40P , additional homework tip 6

Explanation of Solution

Organic Chemistry: Principles and Mechanisms (Second Edition), Chapter 2, Problem 2.40P , additional homework tip 7

The electrostatic potential map shows a molecule with a negative charge distributed on two atoms at the top and the positive charge distributed on two atoms at the bottom. This shows that the individual bond dipoles both point approximately upward and slightly away from the center line. The vector addition of these dipoles will be nonzero. Therefore, the molecule is polar.

The direction of the net dipole moment will be upward as shown below.

Organic Chemistry: Principles and Mechanisms (Second Edition), Chapter 2, Problem 2.40P , additional homework tip 8

Conclusion

The net dipole moment of a molecule is the vector sum of the individual bond dipoles.

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

The given uncharged molecule is to be identified as polar or nonpolar, using its electrostatic potential map. If the molecule is polar, the direction of its net molecular dipole moment it to be determined.

Concept introduction:

A polar bond is one in which the bond pair is unequally shared by the two atoms.

A partial positive charge is developed on the less electronegative atom while and an equal but negative partial charge is developed on the more electronegative atom.

Molecules that contain more than one polar bond may or may not have a net dipole moment. The dipole moment is a vector quantity. The net molecular dipole moment is the result of the vector addition of all the individual dipole moments. Depending on the symmetry of the molecule, the individual bond dipoles can partly or completely cancel or reinforce each other.

A bond dipole or a molecular dipole is represented by an arrow pointing from the atom or region with a partial positive charge toward an atom or region with a partial negative charge.

Electrostatic potential maps of molecules show the distribution of electron density in different parts of the molecule. The electron density is represented by different colors, ranging from blue to red. Blue color indicates a low electron density, an atom or region with a partial positive charge. Red color indicates high electron density, an atom or region with a partial negative charge.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 2.40P

The electrostatic potential map shows that the molecule is polar.

The direction of the net molecular dipole is upward as shown below.

Organic Chemistry: Principles and Mechanisms (Second Edition), Chapter 2, Problem 2.40P , additional homework tip 9

Explanation of Solution

Organic Chemistry: Principles and Mechanisms (Second Edition), Chapter 2, Problem 2.40P , additional homework tip 10

The electrostatic potential map shows a molecule with a negative charge concentrated on the atom at the top center, with positive charge distributed over atoms on the side and at the bottom. This shows that the individual bond dipoles are not symmetrically distributed and will not cancel out completely. Therefore, the molecule is polar.

The direction of the net molecular dipole will be upward because of the concentration of negative charge at the top and a symmetrical distribution of the positive charge in the rest of the molecule.

Organic Chemistry: Principles and Mechanisms (Second Edition), Chapter 2, Problem 2.40P , additional homework tip 11

Conclusion

The net dipole moment of a molecule is the vector sum of the individual bond dipoles.

Interpretation Introduction

(f)

Interpretation:

The given uncharged molecule is to be identified as polar or nonpolar, using its electrostatic potential map. If the molecule is polar, the direction of its net molecular dipole moment it to be determined.

Concept introduction:

A polar bond is one in which the bond pair is unequally shared by the two atoms.

A partial positive charge is developed on the less electronegative atom while and an equal but negative partial charge is developed on the more electronegative atom.

Molecules that contain more than one polar bond may or may not have a net dipole moment. The dipole moment is a vector quantity. The net molecular dipole moment is the result of the vector addition of all the individual dipole moments. Depending on the symmetry of the molecule, the individual bond dipoles can partly or completely cancel or reinforce each other.

A bond dipole or a molecular dipole is represented by an arrow pointing from the atom or region with a partial positive charge toward an atom or region with a partial negative charge.

Electrostatic potential maps of molecules show the distribution of electron density in different parts of the molecule. The electron density is represented by different colors, ranging from blue to red. Blue color indicates a low electron density, an atom or region with a partial positive charge. Red color indicates high electron density, an atom or region with a partial negative charge.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 2.40P

The electrostatic potential map shows that the molecule is nonpolar.

Explanation of Solution

Organic Chemistry: Principles and Mechanisms (Second Edition), Chapter 2, Problem 2.40P , additional homework tip 12

The electrostatic potential map shows a charge distribution that is symmetric about the center of the molecule with two negative regions opposite each other across the center as well as two positive regions across the center. The individual bond dipoles will therefore cancel out completely. Therefore, the net dipole moment will be zero, and the molecule will be nonpolar.

Conclusion

The net dipole moment of a molecule is the vector sum of the individual bond dipoles.

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Answer 4

Question

Chapter 2, Problem 2.40P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

Given uncharged molecule is to be identified as polar or nonpolar, using its electrostatic potential map. If the molecule is polar, the direction of its net molecular dipole moment it to be determined.

Concept introduction:

A polar bond is one in which the bond pair is unequally shared by the two atoms.

A partial positive charge is developed on the less electronegative atom while and an equal but negative partial charge is developed on the more electronegative atom.

Molecules that contain more than one polar bond may or may not have a net dipole moment. The dipole moment is a vector quantity. The net molecular dipole moment is the result of the vector addition of all the individual dipole moments. Depending on the symmetry of the molecule, the individual bond dipoles can partly or completely cancel or reinforce each other.

A bond dipole or a molecular dipole is represented by an arrow pointing from the atom or region with a partial positive charge toward an atom or region with a partial negative charge.

Electrostatic potential maps of molecules show the distribution of electron density in different parts of the molecule. The electron density is represented by different colors, ranging from blue to red. Blue color indicates a low electron density, an atom or region with a partial positive charge. Red color indicates high electron density, an atom or region with a partial negative charge.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 2.40P

The electrostatic potential map shows that the molecule is nonpolar.

Explanation of Solution

Organic Chemistry: Principles and Mechanisms (Second Edition), Chapter 2, Problem 2.40P , additional homework tip 1

The electrostatic potential map shows the molecule with a negative charge concentrated at the center, with positive charge distributed symmetrically around the center. This shows that the individual bond dipoles are all of equal magnitude, and they all point toward the center. The vector addition of these dipoles will be zero because of their symmetric distribution. Therefore, the molecule is nonpolar.

Conclusion

The net dipole moment of a molecule is the vector sum of the individual bond dipoles.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

Given uncharged molecule is to be identified as polar or nonpolar, using its electrostatic potential map. If the molecule is polar, the direction of its net molecular dipole moment it to be determined.

Concept introduction:

A polar bond is one in which the bond pair is unequally shared by the two atoms.

A partial positive charge is developed on the less electronegative atom while and an equal but negative partial charge is developed on the more electronegative atom.

Molecules that contain more than one polar bond may or may not have a net dipole moment. The dipole moment is a vector quantity. The net molecular dipole moment is the result of the vector addition of all the individual dipole moments. Depending on the symmetry of the molecule, the individual bond dipoles can partly or completely cancel or reinforce each other.

A bond dipole or a molecular dipole is represented by an arrow pointing from the atom or region with a partial positive charge toward an atom or region with a partial negative charge.

Electrostatic potential maps of molecules show the distribution of electron density in different parts of the molecule. The electron density is represented by different colors, ranging from blue to red. Blue color indicates a low electron density, an atom or region with a partial positive charge. Red color indicates high electron density, an atom or region with a partial negative charge.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 2.40P

The electrostatic potential map shows that the molecule is nonpolar.

Explanation of Solution

Organic Chemistry: Principles and Mechanisms (Second Edition), Chapter 2, Problem 2.40P , additional homework tip 2

The electrostatic potential map shows a molecule with a negative charge concentrated at the center, with positive charge distributed symmetrically around the center. This shows that the individual bond dipoles are all of equal magnitude, and they all point toward the center. The vector addition of these dipoles will be zero because of their symmetric distribution. Therefore, the molecule is nonpolar.

Conclusion

The net dipole moment of a molecule is the vector sum of the individual bond dipoles.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The given uncharged molecule is to be identified as polar or nonpolar, using its electrostatic potential map. If the molecule is polar, the direction of its net molecular dipole moment it to be determined.

Concept introduction:

A polar bond is one in which the bond pair is unequally shared by the two atoms.

A partial positive charge is developed on the less electronegative atom while and an equal but negative partial charge is developed on the more electronegative atom.

Molecules that contain more than one polar bond may or may not have a net dipole moment. The dipole moment is a vector quantity. The net molecular dipole moment is the result of the vector addition of all the individual dipole moments. Depending on the symmetry of the molecule, the individual bond dipoles can partly or completely cancel or reinforce each other.

A bond dipole or a molecular dipole is represented by an arrow pointing from the atom or region with a partial positive charge toward an atom or region with a partial negative charge.

Electrostatic potential maps of molecules show the distribution of electron density in different parts of the molecule. The electron density is represented by different colors, ranging from blue to red. Blue color indicates a low electron density, an atom or region with a partial positive charge. Red color indicates high electron density, an atom or region with a partial negative charge.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 2.40P

The electrostatic potential map shows that the molecule is polar.

The direction of the net molecular dipole is downward as shown below.

Organic Chemistry: Principles and Mechanisms (Second Edition), Chapter 2, Problem 2.40P , additional homework tip 3

Explanation of Solution

Organic Chemistry: Principles and Mechanisms (Second Edition), Chapter 2, Problem 2.40P , additional homework tip 4

The electrostatic potential map shows a molecule with an asymmetric charge distribution. The positive charge is concentrated on the atom at the top, while the negative charge is distributed on three atoms at the bottom. The individual bond dipoles will therefore not cancel completely. Therefore, the molecule is polar.

The direction of the molecular dipole will be downward, as shown below by the black arrow.

Organic Chemistry: Principles and Mechanisms (Second Edition), Chapter 2, Problem 2.40P , additional homework tip 5

Conclusion

The net dipole moment of a molecule is the vector sum of the individual bond dipoles.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The given uncharged molecule is to be identified as polar or nonpolar, using its electrostatic potential map. If the molecule is polar, the direction of its net molecular dipole moment it to be determined.

Concept introduction:

A polar bond is one in which the bond pair is unequally shared by the two atoms.

A partial positive charge is developed on the less electronegative atom while and an equal but negative partial charge is developed on the more electronegative atom.

Molecules that contain more than one polar bond may or may not have a net dipole moment. The dipole moment is a vector quantity. The net molecular dipole moment is the result of the vector addition of all the individual dipole moments. Depending on the symmetry of the molecule, the individual bond dipoles can partly or completely cancel or reinforce each other.

A bond dipole or a molecular dipole is represented by an arrow pointing from the atom or region with a partial positive charge toward an atom or region with a partial negative charge.

Electrostatic potential maps of molecules show the distribution of electron density in different parts of the molecule. The electron density is represented by different colors, ranging from blue to red. Blue color indicates a low electron density, an atom or region with a partial positive charge. Red color indicates high electron density, an atom or region with a partial negative charge.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 2.40P

The electrostatic potential map shows that the molecule is polar.

The direction of the net molecular dipole is upward, as shown below.

Organic Chemistry: Principles and Mechanisms (Second Edition), Chapter 2, Problem 2.40P , additional homework tip 6

Explanation of Solution

Organic Chemistry: Principles and Mechanisms (Second Edition), Chapter 2, Problem 2.40P , additional homework tip 7

The electrostatic potential map shows a molecule with a negative charge distributed on two atoms at the top and the positive charge distributed on two atoms at the bottom. This shows that the individual bond dipoles both point approximately upward and slightly away from the center line. The vector addition of these dipoles will be nonzero. Therefore, the molecule is polar.

The direction of the net dipole moment will be upward as shown below.

Organic Chemistry: Principles and Mechanisms (Second Edition), Chapter 2, Problem 2.40P , additional homework tip 8

Conclusion

The net dipole moment of a molecule is the vector sum of the individual bond dipoles.

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

The given uncharged molecule is to be identified as polar or nonpolar, using its electrostatic potential map. If the molecule is polar, the direction of its net molecular dipole moment it to be determined.

Concept introduction:

A polar bond is one in which the bond pair is unequally shared by the two atoms.

A partial positive charge is developed on the less electronegative atom while and an equal but negative partial charge is developed on the more electronegative atom.

Molecules that contain more than one polar bond may or may not have a net dipole moment. The dipole moment is a vector quantity. The net molecular dipole moment is the result of the vector addition of all the individual dipole moments. Depending on the symmetry of the molecule, the individual bond dipoles can partly or completely cancel or reinforce each other.

A bond dipole or a molecular dipole is represented by an arrow pointing from the atom or region with a partial positive charge toward an atom or region with a partial negative charge.

Electrostatic potential maps of molecules show the distribution of electron density in different parts of the molecule. The electron density is represented by different colors, ranging from blue to red. Blue color indicates a low electron density, an atom or region with a partial positive charge. Red color indicates high electron density, an atom or region with a partial negative charge.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 2.40P

The electrostatic potential map shows that the molecule is polar.

The direction of the net molecular dipole is upward as shown below.

Organic Chemistry: Principles and Mechanisms (Second Edition), Chapter 2, Problem 2.40P , additional homework tip 9

Explanation of Solution

Organic Chemistry: Principles and Mechanisms (Second Edition), Chapter 2, Problem 2.40P , additional homework tip 10

The electrostatic potential map shows a molecule with a negative charge concentrated on the atom at the top center, with positive charge distributed over atoms on the side and at the bottom. This shows that the individual bond dipoles are not symmetrically distributed and will not cancel out completely. Therefore, the molecule is polar.

The direction of the net molecular dipole will be upward because of the concentration of negative charge at the top and a symmetrical distribution of the positive charge in the rest of the molecule.

Organic Chemistry: Principles and Mechanisms (Second Edition), Chapter 2, Problem 2.40P , additional homework tip 11

Conclusion

The net dipole moment of a molecule is the vector sum of the individual bond dipoles.

Interpretation Introduction

(f)

Interpretation:

The given uncharged molecule is to be identified as polar or nonpolar, using its electrostatic potential map. If the molecule is polar, the direction of its net molecular dipole moment it to be determined.

Concept introduction:

A polar bond is one in which the bond pair is unequally shared by the two atoms.

A partial positive charge is developed on the less electronegative atom while and an equal but negative partial charge is developed on the more electronegative atom.

Molecules that contain more than one polar bond may or may not have a net dipole moment. The dipole moment is a vector quantity. The net molecular dipole moment is the result of the vector addition of all the individual dipole moments. Depending on the symmetry of the molecule, the individual bond dipoles can partly or completely cancel or reinforce each other.

A bond dipole or a molecular dipole is represented by an arrow pointing from the atom or region with a partial positive charge toward an atom or region with a partial negative charge.

Electrostatic potential maps of molecules show the distribution of electron density in different parts of the molecule. The electron density is represented by different colors, ranging from blue to red. Blue color indicates a low electron density, an atom or region with a partial positive charge. Red color indicates high electron density, an atom or region with a partial negative charge.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 2.40P

The electrostatic potential map shows that the molecule is nonpolar.

Explanation of Solution

Organic Chemistry: Principles and Mechanisms (Second Edition), Chapter 2, Problem 2.40P , additional homework tip 12

The electrostatic potential map shows a charge distribution that is symmetric about the center of the molecule with two negative regions opposite each other across the center as well as two positive regions across the center. The individual bond dipoles will therefore cancel out completely. Therefore, the net dipole moment will be zero, and the molecule will be nonpolar.

Conclusion

The net dipole moment of a molecule is the vector sum of the individual bond dipoles.

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Answer 5

Chapter 2, Problem 2.40P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

Given uncharged molecule is to be identified as polar or nonpolar, using its electrostatic potential map. If the molecule is polar, the direction of its net molecular dipole moment it to be determined.

Concept introduction:

A polar bond is one in which the bond pair is unequally shared by the two atoms.

A partial positive charge is developed on the less electronegative atom while and an equal but negative partial charge is developed on the more electronegative atom.

Molecules that contain more than one polar bond may or may not have a net dipole moment. The dipole moment is a vector quantity. The net molecular dipole moment is the result of the vector addition of all the individual dipole moments. Depending on the symmetry of the molecule, the individual bond dipoles can partly or completely cancel or reinforce each other.

A bond dipole or a molecular dipole is represented by an arrow pointing from the atom or region with a partial positive charge toward an atom or region with a partial negative charge.

Electrostatic potential maps of molecules show the distribution of electron density in different parts of the molecule. The electron density is represented by different colors, ranging from blue to red. Blue color indicates a low electron density, an atom or region with a partial positive charge. Red color indicates high electron density, an atom or region with a partial negative charge.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 2.40P

The electrostatic potential map shows that the molecule is nonpolar.

Explanation of Solution

Organic Chemistry: Principles and Mechanisms (Second Edition), Chapter 2, Problem 2.40P , additional homework tip 1

The electrostatic potential map shows the molecule with a negative charge concentrated at the center, with positive charge distributed symmetrically around the center. This shows that the individual bond dipoles are all of equal magnitude, and they all point toward the center. The vector addition of these dipoles will be zero because of their symmetric distribution. Therefore, the molecule is nonpolar.

Conclusion

The net dipole moment of a molecule is the vector sum of the individual bond dipoles.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

Given uncharged molecule is to be identified as polar or nonpolar, using its electrostatic potential map. If the molecule is polar, the direction of its net molecular dipole moment it to be determined.

Concept introduction:

A polar bond is one in which the bond pair is unequally shared by the two atoms.

A partial positive charge is developed on the less electronegative atom while and an equal but negative partial charge is developed on the more electronegative atom.

Molecules that contain more than one polar bond may or may not have a net dipole moment. The dipole moment is a vector quantity. The net molecular dipole moment is the result of the vector addition of all the individual dipole moments. Depending on the symmetry of the molecule, the individual bond dipoles can partly or completely cancel or reinforce each other.

A bond dipole or a molecular dipole is represented by an arrow pointing from the atom or region with a partial positive charge toward an atom or region with a partial negative charge.

Electrostatic potential maps of molecules show the distribution of electron density in different parts of the molecule. The electron density is represented by different colors, ranging from blue to red. Blue color indicates a low electron density, an atom or region with a partial positive charge. Red color indicates high electron density, an atom or region with a partial negative charge.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 2.40P

The electrostatic potential map shows that the molecule is nonpolar.

Explanation of Solution

Organic Chemistry: Principles and Mechanisms (Second Edition), Chapter 2, Problem 2.40P , additional homework tip 2

The electrostatic potential map shows a molecule with a negative charge concentrated at the center, with positive charge distributed symmetrically around the center. This shows that the individual bond dipoles are all of equal magnitude, and they all point toward the center. The vector addition of these dipoles will be zero because of their symmetric distribution. Therefore, the molecule is nonpolar.

Conclusion

The net dipole moment of a molecule is the vector sum of the individual bond dipoles.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The given uncharged molecule is to be identified as polar or nonpolar, using its electrostatic potential map. If the molecule is polar, the direction of its net molecular dipole moment it to be determined.

Concept introduction:

A polar bond is one in which the bond pair is unequally shared by the two atoms.

A partial positive charge is developed on the less electronegative atom while and an equal but negative partial charge is developed on the more electronegative atom.

Molecules that contain more than one polar bond may or may not have a net dipole moment. The dipole moment is a vector quantity. The net molecular dipole moment is the result of the vector addition of all the individual dipole moments. Depending on the symmetry of the molecule, the individual bond dipoles can partly or completely cancel or reinforce each other.

A bond dipole or a molecular dipole is represented by an arrow pointing from the atom or region with a partial positive charge toward an atom or region with a partial negative charge.

Electrostatic potential maps of molecules show the distribution of electron density in different parts of the molecule. The electron density is represented by different colors, ranging from blue to red. Blue color indicates a low electron density, an atom or region with a partial positive charge. Red color indicates high electron density, an atom or region with a partial negative charge.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 2.40P

The electrostatic potential map shows that the molecule is polar.

The direction of the net molecular dipole is downward as shown below.

Organic Chemistry: Principles and Mechanisms (Second Edition), Chapter 2, Problem 2.40P , additional homework tip 3

Explanation of Solution

Organic Chemistry: Principles and Mechanisms (Second Edition), Chapter 2, Problem 2.40P , additional homework tip 4

The electrostatic potential map shows a molecule with an asymmetric charge distribution. The positive charge is concentrated on the atom at the top, while the negative charge is distributed on three atoms at the bottom. The individual bond dipoles will therefore not cancel completely. Therefore, the molecule is polar.

The direction of the molecular dipole will be downward, as shown below by the black arrow.

Organic Chemistry: Principles and Mechanisms (Second Edition), Chapter 2, Problem 2.40P , additional homework tip 5

Conclusion

The net dipole moment of a molecule is the vector sum of the individual bond dipoles.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The given uncharged molecule is to be identified as polar or nonpolar, using its electrostatic potential map. If the molecule is polar, the direction of its net molecular dipole moment it to be determined.

Concept introduction:

A polar bond is one in which the bond pair is unequally shared by the two atoms.

A partial positive charge is developed on the less electronegative atom while and an equal but negative partial charge is developed on the more electronegative atom.

Molecules that contain more than one polar bond may or may not have a net dipole moment. The dipole moment is a vector quantity. The net molecular dipole moment is the result of the vector addition of all the individual dipole moments. Depending on the symmetry of the molecule, the individual bond dipoles can partly or completely cancel or reinforce each other.

A bond dipole or a molecular dipole is represented by an arrow pointing from the atom or region with a partial positive charge toward an atom or region with a partial negative charge.

Electrostatic potential maps of molecules show the distribution of electron density in different parts of the molecule. The electron density is represented by different colors, ranging from blue to red. Blue color indicates a low electron density, an atom or region with a partial positive charge. Red color indicates high electron density, an atom or region with a partial negative charge.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 2.40P

The electrostatic potential map shows that the molecule is polar.

The direction of the net molecular dipole is upward, as shown below.

Organic Chemistry: Principles and Mechanisms (Second Edition), Chapter 2, Problem 2.40P , additional homework tip 6

Explanation of Solution

Organic Chemistry: Principles and Mechanisms (Second Edition), Chapter 2, Problem 2.40P , additional homework tip 7

The electrostatic potential map shows a molecule with a negative charge distributed on two atoms at the top and the positive charge distributed on two atoms at the bottom. This shows that the individual bond dipoles both point approximately upward and slightly away from the center line. The vector addition of these dipoles will be nonzero. Therefore, the molecule is polar.

The direction of the net dipole moment will be upward as shown below.

Organic Chemistry: Principles and Mechanisms (Second Edition), Chapter 2, Problem 2.40P , additional homework tip 8

Conclusion

The net dipole moment of a molecule is the vector sum of the individual bond dipoles.

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

The given uncharged molecule is to be identified as polar or nonpolar, using its electrostatic potential map. If the molecule is polar, the direction of its net molecular dipole moment it to be determined.

Concept introduction:

A polar bond is one in which the bond pair is unequally shared by the two atoms.

A partial positive charge is developed on the less electronegative atom while and an equal but negative partial charge is developed on the more electronegative atom.

Molecules that contain more than one polar bond may or may not have a net dipole moment. The dipole moment is a vector quantity. The net molecular dipole moment is the result of the vector addition of all the individual dipole moments. Depending on the symmetry of the molecule, the individual bond dipoles can partly or completely cancel or reinforce each other.

A bond dipole or a molecular dipole is represented by an arrow pointing from the atom or region with a partial positive charge toward an atom or region with a partial negative charge.

Electrostatic potential maps of molecules show the distribution of electron density in different parts of the molecule. The electron density is represented by different colors, ranging from blue to red. Blue color indicates a low electron density, an atom or region with a partial positive charge. Red color indicates high electron density, an atom or region with a partial negative charge.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 2.40P

The electrostatic potential map shows that the molecule is polar.

The direction of the net molecular dipole is upward as shown below.

Organic Chemistry: Principles and Mechanisms (Second Edition), Chapter 2, Problem 2.40P , additional homework tip 9

Explanation of Solution

Organic Chemistry: Principles and Mechanisms (Second Edition), Chapter 2, Problem 2.40P , additional homework tip 10

The electrostatic potential map shows a molecule with a negative charge concentrated on the atom at the top center, with positive charge distributed over atoms on the side and at the bottom. This shows that the individual bond dipoles are not symmetrically distributed and will not cancel out completely. Therefore, the molecule is polar.

The direction of the net molecular dipole will be upward because of the concentration of negative charge at the top and a symmetrical distribution of the positive charge in the rest of the molecule.

Organic Chemistry: Principles and Mechanisms (Second Edition), Chapter 2, Problem 2.40P , additional homework tip 11

Conclusion

The net dipole moment of a molecule is the vector sum of the individual bond dipoles.

Interpretation Introduction

(f)

Interpretation:

The given uncharged molecule is to be identified as polar or nonpolar, using its electrostatic potential map. If the molecule is polar, the direction of its net molecular dipole moment it to be determined.

Concept introduction:

A polar bond is one in which the bond pair is unequally shared by the two atoms.

A partial positive charge is developed on the less electronegative atom while and an equal but negative partial charge is developed on the more electronegative atom.

Molecules that contain more than one polar bond may or may not have a net dipole moment. The dipole moment is a vector quantity. The net molecular dipole moment is the result of the vector addition of all the individual dipole moments. Depending on the symmetry of the molecule, the individual bond dipoles can partly or completely cancel or reinforce each other.

A bond dipole or a molecular dipole is represented by an arrow pointing from the atom or region with a partial positive charge toward an atom or region with a partial negative charge.

Electrostatic potential maps of molecules show the distribution of electron density in different parts of the molecule. The electron density is represented by different colors, ranging from blue to red. Blue color indicates a low electron density, an atom or region with a partial positive charge. Red color indicates high electron density, an atom or region with a partial negative charge.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 2.40P

The electrostatic potential map shows that the molecule is nonpolar.

Explanation of Solution

Organic Chemistry: Principles and Mechanisms (Second Edition), Chapter 2, Problem 2.40P , additional homework tip 12

The electrostatic potential map shows a charge distribution that is symmetric about the center of the molecule with two negative regions opposite each other across the center as well as two positive regions across the center. The individual bond dipoles will therefore cancel out completely. Therefore, the net dipole moment will be zero, and the molecule will be nonpolar.

Conclusion

The net dipole moment of a molecule is the vector sum of the individual bond dipoles.

Answer 6

Chapter 2, Problem 2.40P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

Given uncharged molecule is to be identified as polar or nonpolar, using its electrostatic potential map. If the molecule is polar, the direction of its net molecular dipole moment it to be determined.

Concept introduction:

A polar bond is one in which the bond pair is unequally shared by the two atoms.

A partial positive charge is developed on the less electronegative atom while and an equal but negative partial charge is developed on the more electronegative atom.

Molecules that contain more than one polar bond may or may not have a net dipole moment. The dipole moment is a vector quantity. The net molecular dipole moment is the result of the vector addition of all the individual dipole moments. Depending on the symmetry of the molecule, the individual bond dipoles can partly or completely cancel or reinforce each other.

A bond dipole or a molecular dipole is represented by an arrow pointing from the atom or region with a partial positive charge toward an atom or region with a partial negative charge.

Electrostatic potential maps of molecules show the distribution of electron density in different parts of the molecule. The electron density is represented by different colors, ranging from blue to red. Blue color indicates a low electron density, an atom or region with a partial positive charge. Red color indicates high electron density, an atom or region with a partial negative charge.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 2.40P

The electrostatic potential map shows that the molecule is nonpolar.

Explanation of Solution

Organic Chemistry: Principles and Mechanisms (Second Edition), Chapter 2, Problem 2.40P , additional homework tip 1

The electrostatic potential map shows the molecule with a negative charge concentrated at the center, with positive charge distributed symmetrically around the center. This shows that the individual bond dipoles are all of equal magnitude, and they all point toward the center. The vector addition of these dipoles will be zero because of their symmetric distribution. Therefore, the molecule is nonpolar.

Conclusion

The net dipole moment of a molecule is the vector sum of the individual bond dipoles.

Answer 7

Chapter 2, Problem 2.40P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

Given uncharged molecule is to be identified as polar or nonpolar, using its electrostatic potential map. If the molecule is polar, the direction of its net molecular dipole moment it to be determined.

Concept introduction:

A polar bond is one in which the bond pair is unequally shared by the two atoms.

A partial positive charge is developed on the less electronegative atom while and an equal but negative partial charge is developed on the more electronegative atom.

Molecules that contain more than one polar bond may or may not have a net dipole moment. The dipole moment is a vector quantity. The net molecular dipole moment is the result of the vector addition of all the individual dipole moments. Depending on the symmetry of the molecule, the individual bond dipoles can partly or completely cancel or reinforce each other.

A bond dipole or a molecular dipole is represented by an arrow pointing from the atom or region with a partial positive charge toward an atom or region with a partial negative charge.

Electrostatic potential maps of molecules show the distribution of electron density in different parts of the molecule. The electron density is represented by different colors, ranging from blue to red. Blue color indicates a low electron density, an atom or region with a partial positive charge. Red color indicates high electron density, an atom or region with a partial negative charge.

Answer 8

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 2.40P

The electrostatic potential map shows that the molecule is nonpolar.

Answer 9

Expert Solution

Answer 10

Expert Solution

Answer 11

Expert Solution

Answer 12

Explanation of Solution

Organic Chemistry: Principles and Mechanisms (Second Edition), Chapter 2, Problem 2.40P , additional homework tip 1

The electrostatic potential map shows the molecule with a negative charge concentrated at the center, with positive charge distributed symmetrically around the center. This shows that the individual bond dipoles are all of equal magnitude, and they all point toward the center. The vector addition of these dipoles will be zero because of their symmetric distribution. Therefore, the molecule is nonpolar.

Answer 13

Conclusion

The net dipole moment of a molecule is the vector sum of the individual bond dipoles.

Answer 14

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

Given uncharged molecule is to be identified as polar or nonpolar, using its electrostatic potential map. If the molecule is polar, the direction of its net molecular dipole moment it to be determined.

Concept introduction:

A polar bond is one in which the bond pair is unequally shared by the two atoms.

A partial positive charge is developed on the less electronegative atom while and an equal but negative partial charge is developed on the more electronegative atom.

Molecules that contain more than one polar bond may or may not have a net dipole moment. The dipole moment is a vector quantity. The net molecular dipole moment is the result of the vector addition of all the individual dipole moments. Depending on the symmetry of the molecule, the individual bond dipoles can partly or completely cancel or reinforce each other.

A bond dipole or a molecular dipole is represented by an arrow pointing from the atom or region with a partial positive charge toward an atom or region with a partial negative charge.

Electrostatic potential maps of molecules show the distribution of electron density in different parts of the molecule. The electron density is represented by different colors, ranging from blue to red. Blue color indicates a low electron density, an atom or region with a partial positive charge. Red color indicates high electron density, an atom or region with a partial negative charge.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 2.40P

The electrostatic potential map shows that the molecule is nonpolar.

Explanation of Solution

Organic Chemistry: Principles and Mechanisms (Second Edition), Chapter 2, Problem 2.40P , additional homework tip 2

The electrostatic potential map shows a molecule with a negative charge concentrated at the center, with positive charge distributed symmetrically around the center. This shows that the individual bond dipoles are all of equal magnitude, and they all point toward the center. The vector addition of these dipoles will be zero because of their symmetric distribution. Therefore, the molecule is nonpolar.

Conclusion

The net dipole moment of a molecule is the vector sum of the individual bond dipoles.

Answer 15

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

Given uncharged molecule is to be identified as polar or nonpolar, using its electrostatic potential map. If the molecule is polar, the direction of its net molecular dipole moment it to be determined.

Concept introduction:

A polar bond is one in which the bond pair is unequally shared by the two atoms.

A partial positive charge is developed on the less electronegative atom while and an equal but negative partial charge is developed on the more electronegative atom.

Molecules that contain more than one polar bond may or may not have a net dipole moment. The dipole moment is a vector quantity. The net molecular dipole moment is the result of the vector addition of all the individual dipole moments. Depending on the symmetry of the molecule, the individual bond dipoles can partly or completely cancel or reinforce each other.

A bond dipole or a molecular dipole is represented by an arrow pointing from the atom or region with a partial positive charge toward an atom or region with a partial negative charge.

Electrostatic potential maps of molecules show the distribution of electron density in different parts of the molecule. The electron density is represented by different colors, ranging from blue to red. Blue color indicates a low electron density, an atom or region with a partial positive charge. Red color indicates high electron density, an atom or region with a partial negative charge.

Answer 16

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 2.40P

The electrostatic potential map shows that the molecule is nonpolar.

Answer 17

Expert Solution

Answer 18

Expert Solution

Answer 19

Expert Solution

Answer 20

Explanation of Solution

Organic Chemistry: Principles and Mechanisms (Second Edition), Chapter 2, Problem 2.40P , additional homework tip 2

The electrostatic potential map shows a molecule with a negative charge concentrated at the center, with positive charge distributed symmetrically around the center. This shows that the individual bond dipoles are all of equal magnitude, and they all point toward the center. The vector addition of these dipoles will be zero because of their symmetric distribution. Therefore, the molecule is nonpolar.

Answer 21

Conclusion

The net dipole moment of a molecule is the vector sum of the individual bond dipoles.

Answer 22

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The given uncharged molecule is to be identified as polar or nonpolar, using its electrostatic potential map. If the molecule is polar, the direction of its net molecular dipole moment it to be determined.

Concept introduction:

A polar bond is one in which the bond pair is unequally shared by the two atoms.

A partial positive charge is developed on the less electronegative atom while and an equal but negative partial charge is developed on the more electronegative atom.

Molecules that contain more than one polar bond may or may not have a net dipole moment. The dipole moment is a vector quantity. The net molecular dipole moment is the result of the vector addition of all the individual dipole moments. Depending on the symmetry of the molecule, the individual bond dipoles can partly or completely cancel or reinforce each other.

A bond dipole or a molecular dipole is represented by an arrow pointing from the atom or region with a partial positive charge toward an atom or region with a partial negative charge.

Electrostatic potential maps of molecules show the distribution of electron density in different parts of the molecule. The electron density is represented by different colors, ranging from blue to red. Blue color indicates a low electron density, an atom or region with a partial positive charge. Red color indicates high electron density, an atom or region with a partial negative charge.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 2.40P

The electrostatic potential map shows that the molecule is polar.

The direction of the net molecular dipole is downward as shown below.

Organic Chemistry: Principles and Mechanisms (Second Edition), Chapter 2, Problem 2.40P , additional homework tip 3

Explanation of Solution

Organic Chemistry: Principles and Mechanisms (Second Edition), Chapter 2, Problem 2.40P , additional homework tip 4

The electrostatic potential map shows a molecule with an asymmetric charge distribution. The positive charge is concentrated on the atom at the top, while the negative charge is distributed on three atoms at the bottom. The individual bond dipoles will therefore not cancel completely. Therefore, the molecule is polar.

The direction of the molecular dipole will be downward, as shown below by the black arrow.

Organic Chemistry: Principles and Mechanisms (Second Edition), Chapter 2, Problem 2.40P , additional homework tip 5

Conclusion

The net dipole moment of a molecule is the vector sum of the individual bond dipoles.

Answer 23

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The given uncharged molecule is to be identified as polar or nonpolar, using its electrostatic potential map. If the molecule is polar, the direction of its net molecular dipole moment it to be determined.

Concept introduction:

A polar bond is one in which the bond pair is unequally shared by the two atoms.

A partial positive charge is developed on the less electronegative atom while and an equal but negative partial charge is developed on the more electronegative atom.

Molecules that contain more than one polar bond may or may not have a net dipole moment. The dipole moment is a vector quantity. The net molecular dipole moment is the result of the vector addition of all the individual dipole moments. Depending on the symmetry of the molecule, the individual bond dipoles can partly or completely cancel or reinforce each other.

A bond dipole or a molecular dipole is represented by an arrow pointing from the atom or region with a partial positive charge toward an atom or region with a partial negative charge.

Electrostatic potential maps of molecules show the distribution of electron density in different parts of the molecule. The electron density is represented by different colors, ranging from blue to red. Blue color indicates a low electron density, an atom or region with a partial positive charge. Red color indicates high electron density, an atom or region with a partial negative charge.

Answer 24

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 2.40P

The electrostatic potential map shows that the molecule is polar.

The direction of the net molecular dipole is downward as shown below.

Organic Chemistry: Principles and Mechanisms (Second Edition), Chapter 2, Problem 2.40P , additional homework tip 3

Answer 25

Expert Solution

Answer 26

Expert Solution

Answer 27

Expert Solution

Answer 28

Explanation of Solution

Organic Chemistry: Principles and Mechanisms (Second Edition), Chapter 2, Problem 2.40P , additional homework tip 4

The electrostatic potential map shows a molecule with an asymmetric charge distribution. The positive charge is concentrated on the atom at the top, while the negative charge is distributed on three atoms at the bottom. The individual bond dipoles will therefore not cancel completely. Therefore, the molecule is polar.

The direction of the molecular dipole will be downward, as shown below by the black arrow.

Organic Chemistry: Principles and Mechanisms (Second Edition), Chapter 2, Problem 2.40P , additional homework tip 5

Answer 29

Conclusion

The net dipole moment of a molecule is the vector sum of the individual bond dipoles.

Answer 30

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The given uncharged molecule is to be identified as polar or nonpolar, using its electrostatic potential map. If the molecule is polar, the direction of its net molecular dipole moment it to be determined.

Concept introduction:

A polar bond is one in which the bond pair is unequally shared by the two atoms.

A partial positive charge is developed on the less electronegative atom while and an equal but negative partial charge is developed on the more electronegative atom.

Molecules that contain more than one polar bond may or may not have a net dipole moment. The dipole moment is a vector quantity. The net molecular dipole moment is the result of the vector addition of all the individual dipole moments. Depending on the symmetry of the molecule, the individual bond dipoles can partly or completely cancel or reinforce each other.

A bond dipole or a molecular dipole is represented by an arrow pointing from the atom or region with a partial positive charge toward an atom or region with a partial negative charge.

Electrostatic potential maps of molecules show the distribution of electron density in different parts of the molecule. The electron density is represented by different colors, ranging from blue to red. Blue color indicates a low electron density, an atom or region with a partial positive charge. Red color indicates high electron density, an atom or region with a partial negative charge.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 2.40P

The electrostatic potential map shows that the molecule is polar.

The direction of the net molecular dipole is upward, as shown below.

Organic Chemistry: Principles and Mechanisms (Second Edition), Chapter 2, Problem 2.40P , additional homework tip 6

Explanation of Solution

Organic Chemistry: Principles and Mechanisms (Second Edition), Chapter 2, Problem 2.40P , additional homework tip 7

The electrostatic potential map shows a molecule with a negative charge distributed on two atoms at the top and the positive charge distributed on two atoms at the bottom. This shows that the individual bond dipoles both point approximately upward and slightly away from the center line. The vector addition of these dipoles will be nonzero. Therefore, the molecule is polar.

The direction of the net dipole moment will be upward as shown below.

Organic Chemistry: Principles and Mechanisms (Second Edition), Chapter 2, Problem 2.40P , additional homework tip 8

Conclusion

The net dipole moment of a molecule is the vector sum of the individual bond dipoles.

Answer 31

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The given uncharged molecule is to be identified as polar or nonpolar, using its electrostatic potential map. If the molecule is polar, the direction of its net molecular dipole moment it to be determined.

Concept introduction:

A polar bond is one in which the bond pair is unequally shared by the two atoms.

A partial positive charge is developed on the less electronegative atom while and an equal but negative partial charge is developed on the more electronegative atom.

Molecules that contain more than one polar bond may or may not have a net dipole moment. The dipole moment is a vector quantity. The net molecular dipole moment is the result of the vector addition of all the individual dipole moments. Depending on the symmetry of the molecule, the individual bond dipoles can partly or completely cancel or reinforce each other.

A bond dipole or a molecular dipole is represented by an arrow pointing from the atom or region with a partial positive charge toward an atom or region with a partial negative charge.

Electrostatic potential maps of molecules show the distribution of electron density in different parts of the molecule. The electron density is represented by different colors, ranging from blue to red. Blue color indicates a low electron density, an atom or region with a partial positive charge. Red color indicates high electron density, an atom or region with a partial negative charge.

Answer 32

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 2.40P

The electrostatic potential map shows that the molecule is polar.

The direction of the net molecular dipole is upward, as shown below.

Organic Chemistry: Principles and Mechanisms (Second Edition), Chapter 2, Problem 2.40P , additional homework tip 6

Answer 33

Expert Solution

Answer 34

Expert Solution

Answer 35

Expert Solution

Answer 36

Explanation of Solution

Organic Chemistry: Principles and Mechanisms (Second Edition), Chapter 2, Problem 2.40P , additional homework tip 7

The electrostatic potential map shows a molecule with a negative charge distributed on two atoms at the top and the positive charge distributed on two atoms at the bottom. This shows that the individual bond dipoles both point approximately upward and slightly away from the center line. The vector addition of these dipoles will be nonzero. Therefore, the molecule is polar.

The direction of the net dipole moment will be upward as shown below.

Organic Chemistry: Principles and Mechanisms (Second Edition), Chapter 2, Problem 2.40P , additional homework tip 8

Answer 37

Conclusion

The net dipole moment of a molecule is the vector sum of the individual bond dipoles.

Answer 38

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

The given uncharged molecule is to be identified as polar or nonpolar, using its electrostatic potential map. If the molecule is polar, the direction of its net molecular dipole moment it to be determined.

Concept introduction:

A polar bond is one in which the bond pair is unequally shared by the two atoms.

A partial positive charge is developed on the less electronegative atom while and an equal but negative partial charge is developed on the more electronegative atom.

Molecules that contain more than one polar bond may or may not have a net dipole moment. The dipole moment is a vector quantity. The net molecular dipole moment is the result of the vector addition of all the individual dipole moments. Depending on the symmetry of the molecule, the individual bond dipoles can partly or completely cancel or reinforce each other.

A bond dipole or a molecular dipole is represented by an arrow pointing from the atom or region with a partial positive charge toward an atom or region with a partial negative charge.

Electrostatic potential maps of molecules show the distribution of electron density in different parts of the molecule. The electron density is represented by different colors, ranging from blue to red. Blue color indicates a low electron density, an atom or region with a partial positive charge. Red color indicates high electron density, an atom or region with a partial negative charge.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 2.40P

The electrostatic potential map shows that the molecule is polar.

The direction of the net molecular dipole is upward as shown below.

Organic Chemistry: Principles and Mechanisms (Second Edition), Chapter 2, Problem 2.40P , additional homework tip 9

Explanation of Solution

Organic Chemistry: Principles and Mechanisms (Second Edition), Chapter 2, Problem 2.40P , additional homework tip 10

The electrostatic potential map shows a molecule with a negative charge concentrated on the atom at the top center, with positive charge distributed over atoms on the side and at the bottom. This shows that the individual bond dipoles are not symmetrically distributed and will not cancel out completely. Therefore, the molecule is polar.

The direction of the net molecular dipole will be upward because of the concentration of negative charge at the top and a symmetrical distribution of the positive charge in the rest of the molecule.

Organic Chemistry: Principles and Mechanisms (Second Edition), Chapter 2, Problem 2.40P , additional homework tip 11

Conclusion

The net dipole moment of a molecule is the vector sum of the individual bond dipoles.

Answer 39

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

The given uncharged molecule is to be identified as polar or nonpolar, using its electrostatic potential map. If the molecule is polar, the direction of its net molecular dipole moment it to be determined.

Concept introduction:

A polar bond is one in which the bond pair is unequally shared by the two atoms.

A partial positive charge is developed on the less electronegative atom while and an equal but negative partial charge is developed on the more electronegative atom.

Molecules that contain more than one polar bond may or may not have a net dipole moment. The dipole moment is a vector quantity. The net molecular dipole moment is the result of the vector addition of all the individual dipole moments. Depending on the symmetry of the molecule, the individual bond dipoles can partly or completely cancel or reinforce each other.

A bond dipole or a molecular dipole is represented by an arrow pointing from the atom or region with a partial positive charge toward an atom or region with a partial negative charge.

Electrostatic potential maps of molecules show the distribution of electron density in different parts of the molecule. The electron density is represented by different colors, ranging from blue to red. Blue color indicates a low electron density, an atom or region with a partial positive charge. Red color indicates high electron density, an atom or region with a partial negative charge.

Answer 40

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 2.40P

The electrostatic potential map shows that the molecule is polar.

The direction of the net molecular dipole is upward as shown below.

Organic Chemistry: Principles and Mechanisms (Second Edition), Chapter 2, Problem 2.40P , additional homework tip 9

Answer 41

Expert Solution

Answer 42

Expert Solution

Answer 43

Expert Solution

Answer 44

Explanation of Solution

Organic Chemistry: Principles and Mechanisms (Second Edition), Chapter 2, Problem 2.40P , additional homework tip 10

The electrostatic potential map shows a molecule with a negative charge concentrated on the atom at the top center, with positive charge distributed over atoms on the side and at the bottom. This shows that the individual bond dipoles are not symmetrically distributed and will not cancel out completely. Therefore, the molecule is polar.

The direction of the net molecular dipole will be upward because of the concentration of negative charge at the top and a symmetrical distribution of the positive charge in the rest of the molecule.

Organic Chemistry: Principles and Mechanisms (Second Edition), Chapter 2, Problem 2.40P , additional homework tip 11

Answer 45

Conclusion

The net dipole moment of a molecule is the vector sum of the individual bond dipoles.

Answer 46

Interpretation Introduction

(f)

Interpretation:

The given uncharged molecule is to be identified as polar or nonpolar, using its electrostatic potential map. If the molecule is polar, the direction of its net molecular dipole moment it to be determined.

Concept introduction:

A polar bond is one in which the bond pair is unequally shared by the two atoms.

A partial positive charge is developed on the less electronegative atom while and an equal but negative partial charge is developed on the more electronegative atom.

Molecules that contain more than one polar bond may or may not have a net dipole moment. The dipole moment is a vector quantity. The net molecular dipole moment is the result of the vector addition of all the individual dipole moments. Depending on the symmetry of the molecule, the individual bond dipoles can partly or completely cancel or reinforce each other.

A bond dipole or a molecular dipole is represented by an arrow pointing from the atom or region with a partial positive charge toward an atom or region with a partial negative charge.

Electrostatic potential maps of molecules show the distribution of electron density in different parts of the molecule. The electron density is represented by different colors, ranging from blue to red. Blue color indicates a low electron density, an atom or region with a partial positive charge. Red color indicates high electron density, an atom or region with a partial negative charge.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 2.40P

The electrostatic potential map shows that the molecule is nonpolar.

Explanation of Solution

Organic Chemistry: Principles and Mechanisms (Second Edition), Chapter 2, Problem 2.40P , additional homework tip 12

The electrostatic potential map shows a charge distribution that is symmetric about the center of the molecule with two negative regions opposite each other across the center as well as two positive regions across the center. The individual bond dipoles will therefore cancel out completely. Therefore, the net dipole moment will be zero, and the molecule will be nonpolar.

Conclusion

The net dipole moment of a molecule is the vector sum of the individual bond dipoles.

Answer 47

Interpretation Introduction

(f)

Interpretation:

The given uncharged molecule is to be identified as polar or nonpolar, using its electrostatic potential map. If the molecule is polar, the direction of its net molecular dipole moment it to be determined.

Concept introduction:

A polar bond is one in which the bond pair is unequally shared by the two atoms.

A partial positive charge is developed on the less electronegative atom while and an equal but negative partial charge is developed on the more electronegative atom.

Molecules that contain more than one polar bond may or may not have a net dipole moment. The dipole moment is a vector quantity. The net molecular dipole moment is the result of the vector addition of all the individual dipole moments. Depending on the symmetry of the molecule, the individual bond dipoles can partly or completely cancel or reinforce each other.

A bond dipole or a molecular dipole is represented by an arrow pointing from the atom or region with a partial positive charge toward an atom or region with a partial negative charge.

Electrostatic potential maps of molecules show the distribution of electron density in different parts of the molecule. The electron density is represented by different colors, ranging from blue to red. Blue color indicates a low electron density, an atom or region with a partial positive charge. Red color indicates high electron density, an atom or region with a partial negative charge.

Answer 48

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 2.40P

The electrostatic potential map shows that the molecule is nonpolar.

Answer 49

Expert Solution

Answer 50

Expert Solution

Answer 51

Expert Solution

Answer 52

Explanation of Solution

Organic Chemistry: Principles and Mechanisms (Second Edition), Chapter 2, Problem 2.40P , additional homework tip 12

The electrostatic potential map shows a charge distribution that is symmetric about the center of the molecule with two negative regions opposite each other across the center as well as two positive regions across the center. The individual bond dipoles will therefore cancel out completely. Therefore, the net dipole moment will be zero, and the molecule will be nonpolar.