(a) Interpretation: Hydrophilic head group and hydrophobic tail in hexadecyltrimethylammonium chloride is to be identified. Concept introduction: Cationic detergents are the detergents in which the active part of the molecule is a positive ion (cation). Cationic detergents are usually quaternary ammonium salts. The ionic group in a detergent is the hydrophilic head group, and the nonpolar part of the detergent is the hydrophobic tail group.

Question

(a 4 shows scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of extruded actions of packing bed for two capillary columns of different diameters, al 750 (bottom image) and b) 30-μm-i.d. Both columns are packed with the same stationary phase, spherical particles with 1-um diameter. A) When the columns were prepared, the figure shows that the column with the larger diameter has more packing irregularities. Explain this observation. B) Predict what affect this should have on band broadening and discuss your prediction using the van Deemter terms. C) Does this figure support your explanations in application question 33? Explain why or why not and make any changes in your answers in light of this figure. Figure 4 SEM images of sections of packed columns for a) 750 and b) 30-um-i.d. capillary columns.³

Answer 1

Question

Chapter 2, Problem 2.60P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

Hydrophilic head group and hydrophobic tail in hexadecyltrimethylammonium chloride is to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Cationic detergents are the detergents in which the active part of the molecule is a positive ion (cation). Cationic detergents are usually quaternary ammonium salts.

The ionic group in a detergent is the hydrophilic head group, and the nonpolar part of the detergent is the hydrophobic tail group.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

Micelle that would form, if the compound was dissolved in water, is to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

Detergents are long-chain molecules that are ionic on one end and highly non-polar on the other end. Detergents are dissolved in water as micelles, in which, the ionic head group is arranged on the exterior, and the hydrocarbon (non-polar) tails are arranged on the interior.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

Intermolecular forces that are primarily responsible for the solubility of micelles in water is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

In a micelle, the nonpolar tails are on the inside of the sphere, where they can interact with one another via extensive induced dipole–induced dipole interactions, whereas the cationic groups, that is, positively charged head groups are on the outside, where they can form the greatest number of ion–dipole interactions with the surrounding water molecules.

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(a 4 shows scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of extruded actions of packing bed for two capillary columns of different diameters, al 750 (bottom image) and b) 30-μm-i.d. Both columns are packed with the same stationary phase, spherical particles with 1-um diameter. A) When the columns were prepared, the figure shows that the column with the larger diameter has more packing irregularities. Explain this observation. B) Predict what affect this should have on band broadening and discuss your prediction using the van Deemter terms. C) Does this figure support your explanations in application question 33? Explain why or why not and make any changes in your answers in light of this figure. Figure 4 SEM images of sections of packed columns for a) 750 and b) 30-um-i.d. capillary columns.³

fcrip = ↓ bandwidth Il temp 32. What impact (increase, decrease, or no change) does each of the following conditions have on the individual components of the van Deemter equation and consequently, band broadening? Increase temperature Longer column Using a gas mobile phase instead of liquid Smaller particle stationary phase Multiple Paths Diffusion Mass Transfer

34. Figure 3 shows Van Deemter plots for a solute molecule using different column inner diameters (i.d.). A) Predict whether decreasing the column inner diameters increase or decrease bandwidth. B) Predict which van Deemter equation coefficient (A, B, or C) has the greatest effect on increasing or decreasing bandwidth as a function of i.d. and justify your answer. Figure 3 Van Deemter plots for hydroquinone using different column inner diameters (i.d. in μm). The data was obtained from liquid chromatography experiments using fused-silica capillary columns packed with 1.0-μm particles. 35 20 H(um) 큰 20 15 90 0+ 1500 100 75 550 01 02 594 05 μ(cm/sec) 30 15 10

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 2, Problem 2.60P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

Hydrophilic head group and hydrophobic tail in hexadecyltrimethylammonium chloride is to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Cationic detergents are the detergents in which the active part of the molecule is a positive ion (cation). Cationic detergents are usually quaternary ammonium salts.

The ionic group in a detergent is the hydrophilic head group, and the nonpolar part of the detergent is the hydrophobic tail group.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

Micelle that would form, if the compound was dissolved in water, is to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

Detergents are long-chain molecules that are ionic on one end and highly non-polar on the other end. Detergents are dissolved in water as micelles, in which, the ionic head group is arranged on the exterior, and the hydrocarbon (non-polar) tails are arranged on the interior.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

Intermolecular forces that are primarily responsible for the solubility of micelles in water is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

In a micelle, the nonpolar tails are on the inside of the sphere, where they can interact with one another via extensive induced dipole–induced dipole interactions, whereas the cationic groups, that is, positively charged head groups are on the outside, where they can form the greatest number of ion–dipole interactions with the surrounding water molecules.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 2, Problem 2.60P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

Hydrophilic head group and hydrophobic tail in hexadecyltrimethylammonium chloride is to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Cationic detergents are the detergents in which the active part of the molecule is a positive ion (cation). Cationic detergents are usually quaternary ammonium salts.

The ionic group in a detergent is the hydrophilic head group, and the nonpolar part of the detergent is the hydrophobic tail group.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

Micelle that would form, if the compound was dissolved in water, is to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

Detergents are long-chain molecules that are ionic on one end and highly non-polar on the other end. Detergents are dissolved in water as micelles, in which, the ionic head group is arranged on the exterior, and the hydrocarbon (non-polar) tails are arranged on the interior.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

Intermolecular forces that are primarily responsible for the solubility of micelles in water is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

In a micelle, the nonpolar tails are on the inside of the sphere, where they can interact with one another via extensive induced dipole–induced dipole interactions, whereas the cationic groups, that is, positively charged head groups are on the outside, where they can form the greatest number of ion–dipole interactions with the surrounding water molecules.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 2, Problem 2.60P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

Hydrophilic head group and hydrophobic tail in hexadecyltrimethylammonium chloride is to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Cationic detergents are the detergents in which the active part of the molecule is a positive ion (cation). Cationic detergents are usually quaternary ammonium salts.

The ionic group in a detergent is the hydrophilic head group, and the nonpolar part of the detergent is the hydrophobic tail group.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

Micelle that would form, if the compound was dissolved in water, is to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

Detergents are long-chain molecules that are ionic on one end and highly non-polar on the other end. Detergents are dissolved in water as micelles, in which, the ionic head group is arranged on the exterior, and the hydrocarbon (non-polar) tails are arranged on the interior.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

Intermolecular forces that are primarily responsible for the solubility of micelles in water is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

In a micelle, the nonpolar tails are on the inside of the sphere, where they can interact with one another via extensive induced dipole–induced dipole interactions, whereas the cationic groups, that is, positively charged head groups are on the outside, where they can form the greatest number of ion–dipole interactions with the surrounding water molecules.

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Answer 5

Chapter 2, Problem 2.60P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

Hydrophilic head group and hydrophobic tail in hexadecyltrimethylammonium chloride is to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Cationic detergents are the detergents in which the active part of the molecule is a positive ion (cation). Cationic detergents are usually quaternary ammonium salts.

The ionic group in a detergent is the hydrophilic head group, and the nonpolar part of the detergent is the hydrophobic tail group.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

Micelle that would form, if the compound was dissolved in water, is to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

Detergents are long-chain molecules that are ionic on one end and highly non-polar on the other end. Detergents are dissolved in water as micelles, in which, the ionic head group is arranged on the exterior, and the hydrocarbon (non-polar) tails are arranged on the interior.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

Intermolecular forces that are primarily responsible for the solubility of micelles in water is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

In a micelle, the nonpolar tails are on the inside of the sphere, where they can interact with one another via extensive induced dipole–induced dipole interactions, whereas the cationic groups, that is, positively charged head groups are on the outside, where they can form the greatest number of ion–dipole interactions with the surrounding water molecules.

Answer 6

Chapter 2, Problem 2.60P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

Hydrophilic head group and hydrophobic tail in hexadecyltrimethylammonium chloride is to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Cationic detergents are the detergents in which the active part of the molecule is a positive ion (cation). Cationic detergents are usually quaternary ammonium salts.

The ionic group in a detergent is the hydrophilic head group, and the nonpolar part of the detergent is the hydrophobic tail group.

Answer 7

Chapter 2, Problem 2.60P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

Hydrophilic head group and hydrophobic tail in hexadecyltrimethylammonium chloride is to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Cationic detergents are the detergents in which the active part of the molecule is a positive ion (cation). Cationic detergents are usually quaternary ammonium salts.

The ionic group in a detergent is the hydrophilic head group, and the nonpolar part of the detergent is the hydrophobic tail group.

Answer 8

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

Micelle that would form, if the compound was dissolved in water, is to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

Detergents are long-chain molecules that are ionic on one end and highly non-polar on the other end. Detergents are dissolved in water as micelles, in which, the ionic head group is arranged on the exterior, and the hydrocarbon (non-polar) tails are arranged on the interior.

Answer 9

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

Micelle that would form, if the compound was dissolved in water, is to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

Detergents are long-chain molecules that are ionic on one end and highly non-polar on the other end. Detergents are dissolved in water as micelles, in which, the ionic head group is arranged on the exterior, and the hydrocarbon (non-polar) tails are arranged on the interior.

Answer 10

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

Intermolecular forces that are primarily responsible for the solubility of micelles in water is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

In a micelle, the nonpolar tails are on the inside of the sphere, where they can interact with one another via extensive induced dipole–induced dipole interactions, whereas the cationic groups, that is, positively charged head groups are on the outside, where they can form the greatest number of ion–dipole interactions with the surrounding water molecules.

Answer 11

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

Intermolecular forces that are primarily responsible for the solubility of micelles in water is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

In a micelle, the nonpolar tails are on the inside of the sphere, where they can interact with one another via extensive induced dipole–induced dipole interactions, whereas the cationic groups, that is, positively charged head groups are on the outside, where they can form the greatest number of ion–dipole interactions with the surrounding water molecules.

Answer 12

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Ch. 2 - Prob. 2.1P Ch. 2 - Prob. 2.2P Ch. 2 - Prob. 2.3P Ch. 2 - Prob. 2.4P Ch. 2 - Prob. 2.5P Ch. 2 - Prob. 2.6P Ch. 2 - Prob. 2.7P Ch. 2 - Prob. 2.8P Ch. 2 - Prob. 2.9P Ch. 2 - Prob. 2.10P

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