PRESCOTT'S MICROBIO W/PROCTORIO
11th Edition
ISBN: 9781264731060
Author: WILLEY
Publisher: MCG
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Chapter 19.5, Problem 2MI
Construct a scenario in which each of the following factors lead to the establishment of two ecotypes from a single common ancestor, as shown in (b): the availability of carbon and nitrogen sources; terminal electron acceptor; and mean local temperature.
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Choose True for yes and False for no, for each of the statements
1) The distribution of the two species-C populations cannot be explained by two totally independent dispersal events by the common ancestor species of A and B.
True or false
2) B must share a more recent common ancestor with C1 than it does with C2.
True or false
Select the statement that does NOT support the origin of excavates that lack plastids, have highly reduced mitochondria and are parasites:
A.
These parasites typically live in low-oxygen conditions and therefore loss of genes for plastids and mitochondria did not result in lower fitness
B.
The original, eukaryotic ancestors of these parasites did not engulf prokaryotes
C.
These parasites typically live in low-oxygen conditions, and many of their mitochondrial genes move to the nucleus
Suppose species 1, 2, and 3 are endemic to a group of islands (such as the Galápagos) and are all descended from species 4, an outgroup. We sequence a gene and find ten nucleotide sites that differ among the four species (among many other loci that do not vary). The nucleotide bases at these sites are Species 1: GCTGATGAGT Species 2: ATCAATGAGT Species 3: GTTGCAACGT Species 4: GTCAATGACA Estimate the phylogeny of these taxa by plotting the changes on each of the three possible trees and determine which tree requires the fewest evolutionary changes. (Please answer including what are 3 possible trees.? )
Chapter 19 Solutions
PRESCOTT'S MICROBIO W/PROCTORIO
Ch. 19.1 - What is a natural classification? What microbial...Ch. 19.1 - Prob. 2CCCh. 19.1 - Consider the finding that bacteria capable of...Ch. 19.2 - What is the difference between a microbial species...Ch. 19.2 - Why is it important to have a type strain for each...Ch. 19.2 - The genus Salmonella was once thought to contain...Ch. 19.3 - What are the advantages of using each major group...Ch. 19.3 - Why is rRNA so suitable for determining...Ch. 19.3 - Prob. 3CCCh. 19.4 - Could a phylotype be considered an OTU? What about...
Ch. 19.4 - List the differences between distance-based and...Ch. 19.4 - Prob. 3CCCh. 19.4 - You are building a tree based on 16S rRNA sequence...Ch. 19.4 - Is HGT involved in movement of genes in the core...Ch. 19.5 - On what evidence is this hypothesis based?Ch. 19.5 - Construct a scenario in which each of the...Ch. 19.5 - Define ecotype. Do you think it is necessary to...Ch. 19.5 - What is the difference between the core genome and...Ch. 19.5 - Of the following genes, which do you think are...Ch. 19.5 - Prob. 4CCCh. 19.6 - Prob. 1CCCh. 19.6 - Describe two different situations in which it...Ch. 19 - Prob. 1RCCh. 19 - Prob. 2RCCh. 19 - Prob. 3RCCh. 19 - Prob. 4RCCh. 19 - Prob. 5RCCh. 19 - Prob. 6RCCh. 19 - Consider the fact that the use of 16S rRNA...Ch. 19 - You have recently established a pure culture of a...Ch. 19 - Prob. 3ALCh. 19 - Prob. 4ALCh. 19 - Prob. 5ALCh. 19 - Prob. 6ALCh. 19 - Prob. 7AL
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- About 3 million years ago, the Isthmus of Panama (a narrow strip of land connecting North and South America) formed, dividing marine organisms into Pacific and Caribbean populations. Researchers have examined species of snapping shrimp on both sides of the isthmus. Based on the morphological species concept, there appeared to be seven pairs of species, with one species of each pair in the Pacific and the other in the Caribbean. The different species pairs live at somewhat different depths in the ocean. Using mitochondrial DNA sequences, the researchers estimated phylogenies and found that each of these species pairs, separated by the isthmus were indeed each other's closest relatives. The researchers investigated mating in the lab and found that many species pairs were not very interested in courting with each other, and any that did mate almost never produced fertile offspring. Which process led to the formation of the species pairs of Pacific and Caribbean snapping shrimp? sympatric…arrow_forwardAbout 3 million years ago, the Isthmus of Panama (a narrow strip of land connecting North and South America) formed, dividing marine organisms into Pacific and Caribbean populations. Researchers have examined species of snapping shrimp on both sides of the isthmus. Based on the morphological species concept, there appeared to be seven pairs of species, with one species of each pair in the Pacific and the other in the Caribbean. The different species pairs live at somewhat different depths in the ocean. Using mitochondrial DNA sequences, the researchers estimated phylogenies and found that each of these species pairs, separated by the isthmus were indeed each other's closest relatives. The researchers investigated mating in the lab and found that many species pairs were not very interested in courting with each other, and any that did mate almost never produced fertile offspring. Use the species concepts to explain how the sister populations on opposite sides of the isthmus are true…arrow_forwardThe “Progression Rule” of biogeography states that the oldest islands of an archipelago will host the oldest lineages of a radiation and the youngest islands will host the youngest lineages. The Hawaiian islands offer a number of examples of progression, one of which is depicted below. First, do Darwin’s Giant Daisies follow the Progression Rule? Second, describe a historical process of diversification and dispersal that might be responsible for the pattern you actually observe for Scalesia. This needn’t be completely precise—I don’t want every dispersal event documented!—just sufficient to capture the general process. (as a hint, he told me to consider speciation, extinction, and/or dispersal as the historical processes)arrow_forward
- Three species are endemic to a group of islands and are all descended from species 4, a large population mainland species (it has no post-founder new mutations). Species 4 is the sister taxa of species 5, which is frugivorous. Species 1 and 3 are insectivorous and species 2 and 4 are frugivorous. The gene sequence of a 10-nucleotide locus for these species are: Species 1: GCTGATGAGT Species 2: ATCAATGAGT Species 3: GTTGCAACGT Species 4: GTCAATGACA Would it matter if this locus was under selection or selectively neutral; why or why not?arrow_forwardWhich of the following statements best explains the importance of sister taxa for understanding the evolution of ingroup taxa? A) The sister group informs of the likely state of the common ancestor of the ingroup. B) The sister group is composed only of ancestral characters representing a primitive taxon having ancestral states for all characters able to be studied. C) The sister group allows us to infer character state polarity in order to understand how character states have changed during evolution of the ingroup. D) A & B E) A& C F) All of the above.arrow_forwardAn analysis of the phylogeny of mutualistic and free-living fungi, as well as the rates of nucleotide substitutions in selected ribosomal RNA regions, was conducted with a view to determining how coevolution can drive changes in the heritable traits of a species. Which of the following is NOT the expected outcome of the study? A. There was a faster rate of molecular evolution occuring among free-living fungal species compared to lichens. B. Fungi coevolving with algae in lichens featured higher rates of nucleotide substitutions. C. Higher rates of nucleotide substitution in mutualistic fungi were widespread across many sections of the genome. D. The transition to mutualism accelerated the rate of molecular evolution for fungal species.arrow_forward
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