PRESCOTT'S MICROBIOLOGY
11th Edition
ISBN: 2818440045677
Author: WILLEY
Publisher: MCG
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Chapter 19.4, Problem 4CC
You are building a tree based on 16S rRNA sequence alignments of a group of spirochetes. Suggest a possible outgroup so that you can build a rooted tree. Refer to chapter 21 if you need more information about these bacteria.
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What do you mean by domain bacteria? Explain it briefly.
In studying Lokiarchaeota, researchers identified eukaryotic signature genes and used this information to better understand the relationship between archaeans and eukaryotes. Many other types of genetic analysis can be used that focus on certain types of
genes. One example of this is multilocus sequence typing (MLST), which focuses on examining genes called housekeeping genes. Microbes encode both housekeeping and pathogenic genes in their genome. Drag the examples of genes to the correct bins to
indicate whether they are housekeeping genes, pathogenic genes, or eukaryotic signature genes.
Place the phrase describing a gene product in the correct bin.
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peptidoglycan synthesis genes
Housekeeping genes
membrane remodeling
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cytoskeletal
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membrane lipid
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Pathogenic genes
endotoxin genes
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ribosomal genes exotoxin genes
Eukaryotic signature genes
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Consider the fact that the use of 16S rRNA sequencing as a taxonomic and phylogenetic tool has resulted in tripling the number of bacterial phyla. Why has the advent of this genetic technique expanded the currently accepted number of microbial phyla?
Chapter 19 Solutions
PRESCOTT'S MICROBIOLOGY
Ch. 19.1 - What is a natural classification? What microbial...Ch. 19.1 - Prob. 2CCCh. 19.1 - Consider the finding that bacteria capable of...Ch. 19.2 - What is the difference between a microbial species...Ch. 19.2 - Why is it important to have a type strain for each...Ch. 19.2 - The genus Salmonella was once thought to contain...Ch. 19.3 - What are the advantages of using each major group...Ch. 19.3 - Why is rRNA so suitable for determining...Ch. 19.3 - Prob. 3CCCh. 19.4 - Could a phylotype be considered an OTU? What about...
Ch. 19.4 - List the differences between distance-based and...Ch. 19.4 - Prob. 3CCCh. 19.4 - You are building a tree based on 16S rRNA sequence...Ch. 19.4 - Is HGT involved in movement of genes in the core...Ch. 19.5 - On what evidence is this hypothesis based?Ch. 19.5 - Construct a scenario in which each of the...Ch. 19.5 - Define ecotype. Do you think it is necessary to...Ch. 19.5 - What is the difference between the core genome and...Ch. 19.5 - Of the following genes, which do you think are...Ch. 19.5 - Prob. 4CCCh. 19.6 - Prob. 1CCCh. 19.6 - Describe two different situations in which it...Ch. 19 - Prob. 1RCCh. 19 - Prob. 2RCCh. 19 - Prob. 3RCCh. 19 - Prob. 4RCCh. 19 - Prob. 5RCCh. 19 - Prob. 6RCCh. 19 - Consider the fact that the use of 16S rRNA...Ch. 19 - You have recently established a pure culture of a...Ch. 19 - Prob. 3ALCh. 19 - Prob. 4ALCh. 19 - Prob. 5ALCh. 19 - Prob. 6ALCh. 19 - Prob. 7AL
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- Bergey’s Manual of Systems Bacteriology provides information on classifying bacteria according to rRNA. Bergey’s Manual of Systems Bacteriology provides information on classifying bacteria according to rRNA. True Falsearrow_forwardWhy did Carl Woese propose the domain Archaea? The domain Bacteria already had too many organisms in its classification. The methanogens were discovered to be a complex organism, between prokaryotic bacteria and eukaryotes, thus it needed its own domain. He discovered that methanogens were too large to be classified as bacteria, but too small to be classified as Eukarya. In analyzing the rRNA of methanogens, he discovered that it was completely distinct from any other bacterial RRNA that had been studied. The DNA of methanogens was discovered to use different nucleotides than those of organisms in Eukarya or Bacteria.arrow_forwardFor this assignment you will create a dichotomous key to help you Identify Bacteria (which are a pain in the bum to identify on the species level.) We will be focused on the general terms of bacteria and the only Phylum that will be addressed is the Cyanobacteria. Use the following to create a dichotomous key to begin to identify Bacteria: BACTERIA Bacillus Coccus Spirillium Phylum Cyanobacteria Gram (+) (-) Root nodules To Begin use the following question: Does the organism exhibit a membrane bound nucleus?arrow_forward
- Give typing answer with explanation and conclusion In thinking about the clinical application of phylogenetics, discuss the role of phylogenetics in these areas. a) Predictions of drug resistance b) Identifying the origin of an outbreak c)Predicting the spread of a diseasearrow_forwardWhat are the 4 characteristics/properties of rRNA genes which make them good molecular chronometers. Why viruses are not found in the tree of life? Why might viable cell cultures be of more use in microbial taxonomy than preserved specimens? Is it possible to provide a formal name for a microorganism that has not been cultivated in isolation? What kind of name might be used if a microorganism is well-characterized but cannot yet be cultivated in isolation?arrow_forwardDescribe the relationship between the original bacteria kingdom called monera and the domain called bacteria.arrow_forward
- Give an example of a gene sequence that can be used to classify some bacterial or eukaryotic species.arrow_forwardRickettsia bacteria always lives as parasites inside eukaryotic cells, ad their genomes are much smaller then those of free living bacteria. Organisms that live only as parasites often have reduced genomes compared to the free living relatives. How could a parasitic lyfestyle contribute to a reduction in genome size?arrow_forwardWhat problem with the six-kingdom classification system was addressed by the three-domain classification system? How did it address the problem?arrow_forward
- Name a substance in the envelope structure of some bacteria that can cause severe symptoms in humans.arrow_forwardAssume you isolate a single stranded (+) RNA virus. When you examine the proteins in the virus, you find that it does NOT contain replicase enzymes within its capsid. Which of the following is true? This virus must have a gene that encodes replicase. This virus will not be able to enter a host cell. Its genome cannot be translated (the process of translation) by the host cell ribosomes. A DNA copy of the viral genome has to be made before viral genes are expressed. This virus must lack surface antigens.arrow_forwardA sample of bacteria is collected from soil in a field that was recently treated with pesticides. The bacteria are classified and a phylogenetic is built to illustrate the soil bacteria diversity. What kinds of characteristics would be best for creating this phylogenetic? a. rRNA gene sequence and amino acid sequence of lipase b. Cell wall structure and physical appearance c. Reproductive rate and susceptibility to pesticides d. Entire genome sequence and protein expression dataarrow_forward
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