Chapter 19.20C, Problem 19.31P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

To show: The preparation of aniline by aromatic nitration, followed by reduction.

Interpretation: The preparation of aniline by aromatic nitration, followed by reduction is to be shown.

Concept introduction: Aniline is an aromatic compound with the formula ${\text{C}}_{\text{6}}{\text{H}}_{\text{5}}{\text{NH}}_{\text{2}}$. Aromatic nitration process involves the introduction of nitro group in the aromatic ring. In the process of nitration a mixture of concentrated sulphuric acid and nitric acid involves. This mixture gives nitronium ion which is an active species for the process of nitration.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

To show: The preparation of $p$-bromoaniline by aromatic nitration, followed by reduction.

Interpretation: The preparation of $p$-bromoaniline by aromatic nitration, followed by reduction is to be shown.

Concept introduction: Para-bromoaniline is an aromatic compound with the formula ${\text{C}}_{\text{6}}{\text{H}}_4{\text{NH}}_{\text{2}}\text{Br}$. Aromatic nitration process involves the introduction of nitro group in the aromatic ring. In the process of nitration a mixture of concentrated sulphuric acid and nitric acid involves. This mixture gives nitronium ion which is an active species for the process of nitration.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

To show: The preparation of $m$-bromoaniline by aromatic nitration, followed by reduction.

Interpretation: The preparation of $m$-bromoaniline by aromatic nitration, followed by reduction is to be shown.

Concept introduction: Mata-bromoaniline is an aromatic compound with the formula ${\text{C}}_{\text{6}}{\text{H}}_4{\text{NH}}_{\text{2}}\text{Br}$. Aromatic nitration process involves the introduction of nitro group in the aromatic ring. In the process of nitration a mixture of concentrated sulphuric acid and nitric acid involves. This mixture gives nitronium ion which is an active species for the process of nitration.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

To show: The preparation of $m$-aminobenzoic acid by aromatic nitration, followed by reduction.

Interpretation: The preparation of $m$-aminobenzoic acid by aromatic nitration, followed by reduction is to be shown.

Concept introduction: $m$-aminobenzoic is an aromatic compound with the formula ${\text{C}}_{\text{6}}{\text{H}}_4{\text{NH}}_{\text{2}}\text{COOH}$. Aromatic nitration process involves the introduction of nitro group in the aromatic ring. In the process of nitration a mixture of concentrated sulphuric acid and nitric acid involves. This mixture gives nitronium ion which is an active species for the process of nitration.