Chapter 19.2, Problem 1PTS

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The name of the given compounds has to be determined.

Concept introduction:

IUPAC naming for Alkane:

• Name the main chain: Find the longest carbon chain and name the chain according to the number of carbon atoms it contains; is also the suffix part of the name.
• Number the carbon atoms in the main chain: The carbons are numbered, in which the substituents must get lowest possible numbers.
• Identify the substituents, and number each: The number at where substituents are present has to be noted. The substituents written as prefix.
• Write the names as a single word: Use the hyphen to separate the numbers from the different prefix; commas to separate numbers. If two or more different substituents are present, arrange them in alphabetical order. If two or more identical substituents are present, use prefixes di-, tri-, tetra-, but this particular prefix should not be used for alphabetizing purpose.

According to IUPAC nomenclature, the naming of compound is determined by the priority of the functional group if more than one functional group is present. The carbon attached to the functional group having most priority should get the least number while naming the compound.

The order of priority is,

$\begin{array}{l}\text{carboxylic}\text{acid>esters>amides>aldehydes>ketones>}\text{alcolhols>thiols>}\text{amines}\text{>}\\ \text{ethers>alkenes>alkyl}\text{halides>alkanes}\end{array}$

Aldehyde: One alkyl group and a hydrogen atom are attached to the carbonyl carbon atom of the compound. It is represented as $RCHO$.

The IUPAC name for the aldehyde is written by replcing the ‘e’ of alkane to ‘al’

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The name of the given compounds has to be determined.

Concept introduction:

IUPAC naming for Alkane:

• Name the main chain: Find the longest carbon chain and name the chain according to the number of carbon atoms it contains; is also the suffix part of the name.
• Number the carbon atoms in the main chain: The carbons are numbered, in which the substituents must get lowest possible numbers.
• Identify the substituents, and number each: The number at where substituents are present has to be noted. The substituents written as prefix.
• Write the names as a single word: Use the hyphen to separate the numbers from the different prefix; commas to separate numbers. If two or more different substituents are present, arrange them in alphabetical order. If two or more identical substituents are present, use prefixes di-, tri-, tetra-, but this particular prefix should not be used for alphabetizing purpose.

According to IUPAC nomenclature, the naming of compound is determined by the priority of the functional group if more than one functional group is present. The carbon attached to the functional group having most priority should get the least number while naming the compound.

The order of priority is,

$\begin{array}{l}\text{carboxylic}\text{acid>esters>amides>aldehydes>ketones>}\text{alcolhols>thiols>}\text{amines}\text{>}\\ \text{ethers>alkenes>alkyl}\text{halides>alkanes}\end{array}$

R and S nomenclature: it is used to assign the molecule using CIP rules.

The CIP rules are as follows:

Select the chiral carbon and assign the numbers according to the decreasing atomic mass of atoms attached to it.

If the numbering follows clockwise direction then the molecule is termed as R and if it follows anti-clockwise direction then molecule is termed as S.

Ketone: Ketone is a group of organic compound where two aryl or alkyl groups are connected by a carbonyl group. It is represented as $RC\left(=O\right)R\text{'}$.

The IUPAC name for the ketone is written by replcing the ‘e’ of alkane to ‘one’

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The name of the given compound has to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Naming of Cycloalkane using IUPAC nomenclature:

Use the Cycloalkane name as the parent.

Cycloalkanes are named as alkyl-substituted cycloalkanes rather than as cycloalkyl-substituted alkanes. There is no need to assign a number if there is one substituent on the ring.

Identify and number the substituents.

The group which has alphabetical priority should be numbered first and proceed around the ring in a direction in which the second substituent gets the lowest possible number.

The order of priority is,

$\begin{array}{l}\text{carboxylic}\text{acid>esters>amides>aldehydes>ketones>}\text{alcolhols>thiols>}\text{amines}\text{>}\\ \text{ethers>alkenes>alkyl}\text{halides>alkanes}\end{array}$

Ketone: Ketone is a group of organic compound where two aryl or alkyl groups are connected by a carbonyl group. It is represented as $RC\left(=O\right)R\text{'}$.

The IUPAC name for the ketone is written by replcing the ‘e’ of alkane to ‘one’

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The name of the given compounds has to be determined.

Concept introduction:

IUPAC naming for Alkane:

• Name the main chain: Find the longest carbon chain and name the chain according to the number of carbon atoms it contains; is also the suffix part of the name.
• Number the carbon atoms in the main chain: The carbons are numbered, in which the substituents must get lowest possible numbers.
• Identify the substituents, and number each: The number at where substituents are present has to be noted. The substituents written as prefix.
• Write the names as a single word: Use the hyphen to separate the numbers from the different prefix; commas to separate numbers. If two or more different substituents are present, arrange them in alphabetical order. If two or more identical substituents are present, use prefixes di-, tri-, tetra-, but this particular prefix should not be used for alphabetizing purpose.

According to IUPAC nomenclature, the naming of compound is determined by the priority of the functional group if more than one functional group is present. The carbon attached to the functional group having most priority should get the least number while naming the compound.

The order of priority is,

$\begin{array}{l}\text{carboxylic}\text{acid>esters>amides>aldehydes>ketones>}\text{alcolhols>thiols>}\text{amines}\text{>}\\ \text{ethers>alkenes>alkyl}\text{halides>alkanes}\end{array}$

Aldehyde: One alkyl group and a hydrogen atom are attached to the carbonyl carbon atom of the compound. It is represented as $RCHO$.

The IUPAC name for the aldehyde is written by replcing the ‘e’ of alkane to ‘al’

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The name of the given compound has to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Naming of Cycloalkane using IUPAC nomenclature:

Use the Cycloalkane name as the parent.

Cycloalkanes are named as alkyl-substituted cycloalkanes rather than as cycloalkyl-substituted alkanes. There is no need to assign a number if there is one substituent on the ring.

Identify and number the substituents.

The group which has alphabetical priority should be numbered first and proceed around the ring in a direction in which the second substituent gets the lowest possible number.

The order of priority is,

$\begin{array}{l}\text{carboxylic}\text{acid>esters>amides>aldehydes>ketones>}\text{alcolhols>thiols>}\text{amines}\text{>}\\ \text{ethers>alkenes>alkyl}\text{halides>alkanes}\end{array}$

Aldehyde: One alkyl group and a hydrogen atom are attached to the carbonyl carbon atom of the compound. It is represented as $RCHO$.

A cycloalkane compound with an aldehyde group $\left(CHO\right)$ attached to the ring is called carbaldehyde.