Chapter 19.12, Problem 40PTS

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of the given compound has to be proposed.

Concept Introduction:

Elimination Reaction: It is just reverse reaction of addition where substituent from the given molecule is removed.

E2 mechanism depends on both base and substituents in the reaction.

Elimination reaction of an alkyl halide results in the formation of an alkene.

Bromination: In bromination reaction, hydrogen atom of a molecule is replaced by a bromine atom.

Hydroboration reaction: The reaction involves addition of $B{H}_3$ over alkene which makes $B{H}_2$ to bond with less substituted position of carbon-carbon double bonds and $H$ to more substituted position of carbon-carbon double bonds which finally carbon containing $B{H}_2$ gets oxidized in order to achieve the product with less substitution.

Oxidation: If electrons are moved from a species or oxygen atoms are added to a species or hydrogen atom gets removed from a species during a chemical reaction is known as oxidation.

Anti-Markovnikov’s Addition Rule: The unsymmetrical alkene in a chemical compound reacts with hydrogen halide in a way, where halide ions attacks and bond to the less substitution position of carbon-carbon double bond.

Wittig Reaction: It is an organic reaction where an aldehyde or a ketone gets converted to an alkene by replacing carbonyl group by a $C=C$ bond. A phosphorous ylide is used for this conversion. It is a neutral molecule where a positively charged phosphorous is attached to a negatively charged

  

Chromic acid: $H_{2}Cr{O}_4$ is a very strong acid that is used to convert primary alcohols and aldehydes to carboxylic acids and secondary alcohols to ketones. It is often made through an in-situ reaction of $N{a}_{2}C{r}_2{O}_7$ and $H_{2}S{O}_4$.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of the given compound has to be proposed.

Concept Introduction:

Hydroboration reaction: The reaction involves addition of $B{H}_3$ over alkene which makes $B{H}_2$ to bond with less substituted position of carbon-carbon double bonds and $H$ to more substituted position of carbon-carbon double bonds which finally carbon containing $B{H}_2$ gets oxidized in order to achieve the product with less substitution.

Oxidation: If electrons are moved from a species or oxygen atoms are added to a species or hydrogen atom gets removed from a species during a chemical reaction is known as oxidation.

Anti-Markovnikov’s Addition Rule: The unsymmetrical alkene in a chemical compound reacts with hydrogen halide in a way, where halide ions attacks and bond to the less substitution position of carbon-carbon double bond.

Wittig Reaction: It is an organic reaction where an aldehyde or a ketone gets converted to an alkene by replacing carbonyl group by a $C=C$ bond. A phosphorous ylide is used for this conversion. It is a neutral molecule where a positively charged phosphorous is attached to a negatively charged

  

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of the given compound has to be proposed.

Concept Introduction:

Elimination Reaction: It is just reverse reaction of addition where substituent from the given molecule is removed.

E2 mechanism depends on both base and substituents in the reaction.

Elimination reaction of an alkyl halide results in the formation of an alkene.

Bromination: In bromination reaction, hydrogen atom of a molecule is replaced by a bromine atom.

Hydroboration reaction: The reaction involves addition of $B{H}_3$ over alkene which makes $B{H}_2$ to bond with less substituted position of carbon-carbon double bonds and $H$ to more substituted position of carbon-carbon double bonds which finally carbon containing $B{H}_2$ gets oxidized in order to achieve the product with less substitution.

Oxidation: If electrons are moved from a species or oxygen atoms are added to a species or hydrogen atom gets removed from a species during a chemical reaction is known as oxidation.

Anti-Markovnikov’s Addition Rule: The unsymmetrical alkene in a chemical compound reacts with hydrogen halide in a way, where halide ions attacks and bond to the less substitution position of carbon-carbon double bond.

Grignard Reaction: This is an organometallic reaction where an alkyl or aryl-magnesium halides is introduced to the carbonyl group present in an aldehyde and ketone. Here, aldehyde and ketone gets converted to alcohols.

  

Chromic acid: $H_{2}Cr{O}_4$ is a very strong acid that is used to convert primary alcohols and aldehydes to carboxylic acids and secondary alcohols to ketones. It is often made through an in-situ reaction of $N{a}_{2}C{r}_2{O}_7$ and $H_{2}S{O}_4$.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of the given compound has to be proposed.

Concept Introduction:

Elimination Reaction: It is just reverse reaction of addition where substituent from the given molecule is removed.

E2 mechanism depends on both base and substituents in the reaction.

Elimination reaction of an alkyl halide results in the formation of an alkene.

Bromination: In bromination reaction, hydrogen atom of a molecule is replaced by a bromine atom.

Grignard Reaction: This is an organometallic reaction where an alkyl or aryl-magnesium halides is introduced to the carbonyl group present in an aldehyde and ketone. Here, aldehyde and ketone gets converted to alcohols.

  

Chromic acid: $H_{2}Cr{O}_4$ is a very strong acid that is used to convert primary alcohols and aldehydes to carboxylic acids and secondary alcohols to ketones. It is often made through an in-situ reaction of $N{a}_{2}C{r}_2{O}_7$ and $H_{2}S{O}_4$.

Ozonolysis: It is an organic reaction where the unsaturated bonds in alkenes and alkynes compounds are broken with ozone. Multiple carbon-carbon bonds in alkenes and alkynes is replaced by a carbonyl group

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of the given compound has to be proposed.

Concept Introduction:

Hydroboration reaction: The reaction involves addition of $B{H}_3$ over alkene which makes $B{H}_2$ to bond with less substituted position of carbon-carbon double bonds and $H$ to more substituted position of carbon-carbon double bonds which finally carbon containing $B{H}_2$ gets oxidized in order to achieve the product with less substitution.

Oxidation: If electrons are moved from a species or oxygen atoms are added to a species or hydrogen atom gets removed from a species during a chemical reaction is known as oxidation.

Anti-Markovnikov’s Addition Rule: The unsymmetrical alkene in a chemical compound reacts with hydrogen halide in a way, where halide ions attacks and bond to the less substitution position of carbon-carbon double bond.

In a reaction, PCC (pyridinium chlorochromate) is used to oxidize alcohols to carbonyls. Primary alcohols get converted to aldehydes whereas secondary alcohols get converted to ketones when treated with PCC.

An imine is a compound having $C=N$ bond that is formed by the reaction of a ketone or aldehyde and primary amine under mild acidic conditions with the elimination of water molecule.

The part of the molecule that is attached to the carbon atom in the $C=N$ bond is from the ketone and the part attached to the nitrogen atom is for the primary amine.

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of the given compound has to be proposed.

Concept Introduction:

Friedel-Crafts Acylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic substitution is the reaction between arenes and acyl chlorides or anhydrides for the synthesis of monoacylated compound. The products are deactivated, as well as do not undergo a second substitution.

Bromination: In bromination reaction, hydrogen atom of a molecule is replaced by a bromine atom.

Wittig Reaction: It is an organic reaction where an aldehyde or a ketone gets converted to an alkene by replacing carbonyl group by a $C=C$ bond. A phosphorous ylide is used for this conversion. It is a neutral molecule where a positively charged phosphorous is attached to a negatively charged carbon atom.

  

(g)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of the given compound has to be proposed.

Concept Introduction:

An acetal is a compound having structural formula $R_{2}C{\left(OR\text{'}\right)}_2$. Acetal is prepared two molecules of alcohol reacts with a ketone or an aldehyde

Reduction: If electrons are gained to a species or hydrogen atoms are added to a species or oxygen atom gets removed from a species during a chemical reaction is known as reduction

In a reaction, $LiAl{H}_4$ (Lithium aluminum hydride or LAH) is used as a reducing agent.