Chapter 19, Problem 52PP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The target molecules should be drawn and identified for the given statements by using its name of the structure.

Concept introduction:

Grignard reagent: This is a organometallic reaction in different alkyl, aryl-magnesium halides add to a carbonyl group in an aldehyde and ketone. This reaction is an important for the conversion of carbon-carbon single ( $\text{-C-C-}$) bond. Moreover the addition of a reagent to an aster, lactone gives a tertiary alcohol in which two alkyl groups are the same and the addition of a Grignard reagent to a nitrile produces an unsymmetrical ketone.

Nucleophilic Substitution reaction: electron rich nucleophiles attack the positive or partially positive charge of an atom and replace a leaving group is called Nucleophilic Substitution reaction.

$S_{N}1$Reaction: The $S_{N}1$ reaction is twostep process, leaving group leaves the molecule is first step and forms the more stable carbocation. Further, nucleophile attacks the carbocation and forms the final product in the second step. The rate of the reaction depends on the stability of the carbocation.

$S_{N}2$Reaction: The $S_{N}2$ reaction is single step process, leaving group leaves the molecule and nucleophiles attack the molecule is single step process which is simultaneous process.

To identify: The reagents used to accomplish the given transformation

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The target molecules should be drawn and identified for the given statements by using its name of the structure.

Concept introduction:

Grignard reagent: This is a organometallic reaction in different alkyl, aryl-magnesium halides add to a carbonyl group in an aldehyde and ketone. This reaction is an important for the conversion of carbon-carbon single ( $\text{-C-C-}$) bond. Moreover the addition of a reagent to an aster, lactone gives a tertiary alcohol in which two alkyl groups are the same and the addition of a Grignard reagent to a nitrile produces an unsymmetrical ketone.

Nucleophilic Substitution reaction: electron rich nucleophiles attack the positive or partially positive charge of an atom and replace a leaving group is called Nucleophilic Substitution reaction.

$S_{N}1$Reaction: The $S_{N}1$ reaction is twostep process, leaving group leaves the molecule is first step and forms the more stable carbocation. Further, nucleophile attacks the carbocation and forms the final product in the second step. The rate of the reaction depends on the stability of the carbocation.

$S_{N}2$Reaction: The $S_{N}2$ reaction is single step process, leaving group leaves the molecule and nucleophiles attack the molecule is single step process which is simultaneous process.

To identify: The reagents used to accomplish the given transformation

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The target molecules should be drawn and identified for the given statements by using its name of the structure.

Concept introduction:

Grignard reagent: This is a organometallic reaction in different alkyl, aryl-magnesium halides add to a carbonyl group in an aldehyde and ketone. This reaction is an important for the conversion of carbon-carbon single ( $\text{-C-C-}$) bond. Moreover the addition of a reagent to an aster, lactone gives a tertiary alcohol in which two alkyl groups are the same and the addition of a Grignard reagent to a nitrile produces an unsymmetrical ketone.

Nucleophilic Substitution reaction: electron rich nucleophiles attack the positive or partially positive charge of an atom and replace a leaving group is called Nucleophilic Substitution reaction.

$S_{N}1$Reaction: The $S_{N}1$ reaction is twostep process, leaving group leaves the molecule is first step and forms the more stable carbocation. Further, nucleophile attacks the carbocation and forms the final product in the second step. The rate of the reaction depends on the stability of the carbocation.

$S_{N}2$Reaction: The $S_{N}2$ reaction is single step process, leaving group leaves the molecule and nucleophiles attack the molecule is single step process which is simultaneous process.

To identify: The reagents used to accomplish the given transformation

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The target molecules should be drawn and identified for the given statements by using its name of the structure.

Concept introduction:

Grignard reagent: This is a organometallic reaction in different alkyl, aryl-magnesium halides add to a carbonyl group in an aldehyde and ketone. This reaction is an important for the conversion of carbon-carbon single ( $\text{-C-C-}$) bond. Moreover the addition of a reagent to an aster, lactone gives a tertiary alcohol in which two alkyl groups are the same and the addition of a Grignard reagent to a nitrile produces an unsymmetrical ketone.

Nucleophilic Substitution reaction: electron rich nucleophiles attack the positive or partially positive charge of an atom and replace a leaving group is called Nucleophilic Substitution reaction.

$S_{N}1$Reaction: The $S_{N}1$ reaction is twostep process, leaving group leaves the molecule is first step and forms the more stable carbocation. Further, nucleophile attacks the carbocation and forms the final product in the second step. The rate of the reaction depends on the stability of the carbocation.

$S_{N}2$Reaction: The $S_{N}2$ reaction is single step process, leaving group leaves the molecule and nucleophiles attack the molecule is single step process which is simultaneous process.

To identify: The reagents used to accomplish the given transformation