Chapter 19, Problem 19.135P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Amount of $\text{NaOH}$ required to neutralize the excess $\text{HCl}$ during the reaction with quinine has to be calculated.

Concept introduction:

Acid-base neutralization reaction:

Acid base neutralization reaction is the reaction where acid and base reacts quantitatively with each other to form water and salt. The evolved ${\text{H}}^{+}$ and ${\text{OH}}^{\text{-}}$ are made to take part in the most thermodynamically stable reaction of water formation.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Amount of excess titrant ($\text{NaOH}$) required for getting the first equivalence point of quinine hydrochloride has to be calculated.

Concept introduction:

Titration:

Titration is a quantitative chemical analysis to determine the concentration of an identified analyte.  The titrant is the reagent which is prepared as a standard solution of known concentration volume.  The titrant reacts with the analyte to determine the analyte’s concentration.  The volume of the titrant reacting with analyte is called the titration volume.

Acid-base neutralization reaction:

Acid base neutralization reaction is the reaction where acid and base react quantitively with each other to form water and salt.  The evolved ${\text{H}}^{+}$ and ${\text{OH}}^{\text{-}}$ are made to take part in the most thermodynamically stable reaction of water formation.

Equivalence point:

Equivalence point in the titration reaction is the point where the amount of titrant added is absolutely enough to neutralize completely the analyte.  The moles of titrant and the moles of analyte are same at this point.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

$\text{pH}$ of the first equivalence point has to be calculated.

Concept introduction:

Titration:

Titration is a quantitative chemical analysis to determine the concentration of an identified analyte. The titrant is the reagent which is prepared as a standard solution of known concentration volume. The titrant reacts with the analyte to determine the analyte’s concentration. The volume of the titrant reacting with analyte is called the titration volume.

Acid-base neutralization reaction:

Acid base neutralization reaction is the reaction where acid and base reacts quantitatively with each other to form water and salt. The evolved ${\text{H}}^{+}$ and ${\text{OH}}^{\text{-}}$ are made to take part in the most thermodynamically stable reaction of water formation.

Equivalence point:

Equivalence point in the titration reaction is the point where the amount of titrant added is absolutely enough to neutralize completely the analyte. The moles of titrant and the moles of analyte are same at this point.

pH:

$\text{pH}$ is a scale used to specify the acidity or basicity a solution . It ranges from $0-14$. $\text{pH}$ $7.0$ is considered as neutral solution, $\text{pH}$ more than $7.0$ is taken as basic solution whereas $\text{pH}$ less than $7.0$ is considered as acidic solution (at ${\text{25}}^{\text{ο}}\text{C}$). It is the measurement of activity of free ${\text{H}}^{\text{+}}$ and ${\text{OH}}^{\text{-}}$ in solution.