a. To determine: Whether the given proteins in the question act as a proto-oncogene or a tumor-suppressor gene. Introduction: The proto-oncogene is a normal gene that promotes cell growth. When a proto-oncogene undergoes a dominant mutation like a gain of function mutation, this gene becomes an oncogene. Tumor-Suppressor genes are normal genes that are responsible for inhibiting the cell proliferation and development of a tumor.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 19, Problem 18P

Summary Introduction

a.

To determine:

Whether the given proteins in the question act as a proto-oncogene or a tumor-suppressor gene.

Introduction:

The proto-oncogene is a normal gene that promotes cell growth. When a proto-oncogene undergoes a dominant mutation like a gain of function mutation, this gene becomes an oncogene. Tumor-Suppressor genes are normal genes that are responsible for inhibiting the cell proliferation and development of a tumor.

Summary Introduction

b.

To determine:

The effect of the addition of a phosphate group to the phosphatase by kinase A in the given problem.

Introduction:

Phosphatase enzymes are the enzymes responsible for removing phosphates from proteins.

Summary Introduction

c.

To determine:

Whether the phosphatase gene is likely to be a proto-oncogene or a tumor-suppressor gene or neither.

Introduction:

A normal proto-oncogene promotes cell proliferation. A normal tumor-suppressor gene inhibits cell proliferation.

Summary Introduction

d.

To determine:

Whether the listed mutations would lead to excessive cell growth or decreased cell growth if the cell were either homozygous for the mutation, or heterozygous for the mutation and a wild-type allele.

Introduction:

When a tumor suppressor gene undergoes loss of function mutation, it will result in cell proliferation. When a proto-oncogene undergoes gain of function mutation, it will cause cell proliferation. A null mutation makes a gene non-functional.

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After you feel comfortable with your counting method and identifying cells in the various stages of mitosis, use the four images below of whitefish blastula to count the cells in each stage until you reach 100 total cells, recording your data below in Data Table 1. (You may not need to use all four images. Stop counting when you reach 100 total cells.) After totaling the cells in each stage, calculate the percent of cells in each stage. (Divide total of stage by overall total of 100 and then multiply by 100 to obtain percentage.) Data Table 1Stage Totals PercentInterphase Mitosis: Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cytokinesis Totals 100 100% To find the length of time whitefish blastula cells spend in each stage, multiply the percent (recorded as a decimal, in other words take the percent number and divide by 100) by 24 hours. (Example: If percent is 20%, then Time in Hours = .2 * 24 = 4.8) Record your data in Data…

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 19, Problem 18P

Summary Introduction

a.

To determine:

Whether the given proteins in the question act as a proto-oncogene or a tumor-suppressor gene.

Introduction:

The proto-oncogene is a normal gene that promotes cell growth. When a proto-oncogene undergoes a dominant mutation like a gain of function mutation, this gene becomes an oncogene. Tumor-Suppressor genes are normal genes that are responsible for inhibiting the cell proliferation and development of a tumor.

Summary Introduction

b.

To determine:

The effect of the addition of a phosphate group to the phosphatase by kinase A in the given problem.

Introduction:

Phosphatase enzymes are the enzymes responsible for removing phosphates from proteins.

Summary Introduction

c.

To determine:

Whether the phosphatase gene is likely to be a proto-oncogene or a tumor-suppressor gene or neither.

Introduction:

A normal proto-oncogene promotes cell proliferation. A normal tumor-suppressor gene inhibits cell proliferation.

Summary Introduction

d.

To determine:

Whether the listed mutations would lead to excessive cell growth or decreased cell growth if the cell were either homozygous for the mutation, or heterozygous for the mutation and a wild-type allele.

Introduction:

When a tumor suppressor gene undergoes loss of function mutation, it will result in cell proliferation. When a proto-oncogene undergoes gain of function mutation, it will cause cell proliferation. A null mutation makes a gene non-functional.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 19, Problem 18P

Summary Introduction

a.

To determine:

Whether the given proteins in the question act as a proto-oncogene or a tumor-suppressor gene.

Introduction:

The proto-oncogene is a normal gene that promotes cell growth. When a proto-oncogene undergoes a dominant mutation like a gain of function mutation, this gene becomes an oncogene. Tumor-Suppressor genes are normal genes that are responsible for inhibiting the cell proliferation and development of a tumor.

Summary Introduction

b.

To determine:

The effect of the addition of a phosphate group to the phosphatase by kinase A in the given problem.

Introduction:

Phosphatase enzymes are the enzymes responsible for removing phosphates from proteins.

Summary Introduction

c.

To determine:

Whether the phosphatase gene is likely to be a proto-oncogene or a tumor-suppressor gene or neither.

Introduction:

A normal proto-oncogene promotes cell proliferation. A normal tumor-suppressor gene inhibits cell proliferation.

Summary Introduction

d.

To determine:

Whether the listed mutations would lead to excessive cell growth or decreased cell growth if the cell were either homozygous for the mutation, or heterozygous for the mutation and a wild-type allele.

Introduction:

When a tumor suppressor gene undergoes loss of function mutation, it will result in cell proliferation. When a proto-oncogene undergoes gain of function mutation, it will cause cell proliferation. A null mutation makes a gene non-functional.

Expert Solution & Answer

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See solution

Answer 4

Question

Chapter 19, Problem 18P

Summary Introduction

a.

To determine:

Whether the given proteins in the question act as a proto-oncogene or a tumor-suppressor gene.

Introduction:

The proto-oncogene is a normal gene that promotes cell growth. When a proto-oncogene undergoes a dominant mutation like a gain of function mutation, this gene becomes an oncogene. Tumor-Suppressor genes are normal genes that are responsible for inhibiting the cell proliferation and development of a tumor.

Summary Introduction

b.

To determine:

The effect of the addition of a phosphate group to the phosphatase by kinase A in the given problem.

Introduction:

Phosphatase enzymes are the enzymes responsible for removing phosphates from proteins.

Summary Introduction

c.

To determine:

Whether the phosphatase gene is likely to be a proto-oncogene or a tumor-suppressor gene or neither.

Introduction:

A normal proto-oncogene promotes cell proliferation. A normal tumor-suppressor gene inhibits cell proliferation.

Summary Introduction

d.

To determine:

Whether the listed mutations would lead to excessive cell growth or decreased cell growth if the cell were either homozygous for the mutation, or heterozygous for the mutation and a wild-type allele.

Introduction:

When a tumor suppressor gene undergoes loss of function mutation, it will result in cell proliferation. When a proto-oncogene undergoes gain of function mutation, it will cause cell proliferation. A null mutation makes a gene non-functional.

Expert Solution & Answer

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Answer 5

Chapter 19, Problem 18P

Summary Introduction

a.

To determine:

Whether the given proteins in the question act as a proto-oncogene or a tumor-suppressor gene.

Introduction:

The proto-oncogene is a normal gene that promotes cell growth. When a proto-oncogene undergoes a dominant mutation like a gain of function mutation, this gene becomes an oncogene. Tumor-Suppressor genes are normal genes that are responsible for inhibiting the cell proliferation and development of a tumor.

Summary Introduction

b.

To determine:

The effect of the addition of a phosphate group to the phosphatase by kinase A in the given problem.

Introduction:

Phosphatase enzymes are the enzymes responsible for removing phosphates from proteins.

Summary Introduction

c.

To determine:

Whether the phosphatase gene is likely to be a proto-oncogene or a tumor-suppressor gene or neither.

Introduction:

A normal proto-oncogene promotes cell proliferation. A normal tumor-suppressor gene inhibits cell proliferation.

Summary Introduction

d.

To determine:

Whether the listed mutations would lead to excessive cell growth or decreased cell growth if the cell were either homozygous for the mutation, or heterozygous for the mutation and a wild-type allele.

Introduction:

When a tumor suppressor gene undergoes loss of function mutation, it will result in cell proliferation. When a proto-oncogene undergoes gain of function mutation, it will cause cell proliferation. A null mutation makes a gene non-functional.

Answer 6

Chapter 19, Problem 18P

Summary Introduction

a.

To determine:

Whether the given proteins in the question act as a proto-oncogene or a tumor-suppressor gene.

Introduction:

The proto-oncogene is a normal gene that promotes cell growth. When a proto-oncogene undergoes a dominant mutation like a gain of function mutation, this gene becomes an oncogene. Tumor-Suppressor genes are normal genes that are responsible for inhibiting the cell proliferation and development of a tumor.

Answer 7

Chapter 19, Problem 18P

Summary Introduction

a.

To determine:

Whether the given proteins in the question act as a proto-oncogene or a tumor-suppressor gene.

Introduction:

The proto-oncogene is a normal gene that promotes cell growth. When a proto-oncogene undergoes a dominant mutation like a gain of function mutation, this gene becomes an oncogene. Tumor-Suppressor genes are normal genes that are responsible for inhibiting the cell proliferation and development of a tumor.

Answer 8

Summary Introduction

b.

To determine:

The effect of the addition of a phosphate group to the phosphatase by kinase A in the given problem.

Introduction:

Phosphatase enzymes are the enzymes responsible for removing phosphates from proteins.

Answer 9

Summary Introduction

b.

To determine:

The effect of the addition of a phosphate group to the phosphatase by kinase A in the given problem.

Introduction:

Phosphatase enzymes are the enzymes responsible for removing phosphates from proteins.

Answer 10

Summary Introduction

c.

To determine:

Whether the phosphatase gene is likely to be a proto-oncogene or a tumor-suppressor gene or neither.

Introduction:

A normal proto-oncogene promotes cell proliferation. A normal tumor-suppressor gene inhibits cell proliferation.

Answer 11

Summary Introduction

c.

To determine:

Whether the phosphatase gene is likely to be a proto-oncogene or a tumor-suppressor gene or neither.

Introduction:

A normal proto-oncogene promotes cell proliferation. A normal tumor-suppressor gene inhibits cell proliferation.

Answer 12

Summary Introduction

d.

To determine:

Whether the listed mutations would lead to excessive cell growth or decreased cell growth if the cell were either homozygous for the mutation, or heterozygous for the mutation and a wild-type allele.

Introduction:

When a tumor suppressor gene undergoes loss of function mutation, it will result in cell proliferation. When a proto-oncogene undergoes gain of function mutation, it will cause cell proliferation. A null mutation makes a gene non-functional.

Answer 13

Summary Introduction

d.

To determine:

Whether the listed mutations would lead to excessive cell growth or decreased cell growth if the cell were either homozygous for the mutation, or heterozygous for the mutation and a wild-type allele.

Introduction:

When a tumor suppressor gene undergoes loss of function mutation, it will result in cell proliferation. When a proto-oncogene undergoes gain of function mutation, it will cause cell proliferation. A null mutation makes a gene non-functional.

Answer 14

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Answer 15

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 16

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Answer 17

Ch. 19 - For each of the terms in the left column, choose...Ch. 19 - Characterize the differences between tumor cells...Ch. 19 - Prob. 3P Ch. 19 - Prob. 4P Ch. 19 - A carcinogenic compound is placed on the skin of...Ch. 19 - Prob. 6P Ch. 19 - Prob. 7P Ch. 19 - Molecules outside and inside the cell regulate the...Ch. 19 - Put the following steps in the correct ordered...Ch. 19 - a. Would you expect a cell to continue or to stop...

Solution Summary: The author explains that the given proteins in the question act as proto-oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes.

Concept explainers

Videos

b.

To determine:

The effect of the addition of a phosphate group to the phosphatase by kinase A in the given problem.

Introduction:

Phosphatase enzymes are the enzymes responsible for removing phosphates from proteins.

c.

To determine:

Whether the phosphatase gene is likely to be a proto-oncogene or a tumor-suppressor gene or neither.

Introduction:

A normal proto-oncogene promotes cell proliferation. A normal tumor-suppressor gene inhibits cell proliferation.

Want to see the full answer?

Chapter 19 Solutions

Solution Summary: The author explains that the given proteins in the question act as proto-oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes.

Concept explainers

Videos

b. To determine: The effect of the addition of a phosphate group to the phosphatase by kinase A in the given problem. Introduction: Phosphatase enzymes are the enzymes responsible for removing phosphates from proteins.

c. To determine: Whether the phosphatase gene is likely to be a proto-oncogene or a tumor-suppressor gene or neither. Introduction: A normal proto-oncogene promotes cell proliferation. A normal tumor-suppressor gene inhibits cell proliferation.

Want to see the full answer?

Chapter 19 Solutions

b.

To determine:

The effect of the addition of a phosphate group to the phosphatase by kinase A in the given problem.

Introduction:

Phosphatase enzymes are the enzymes responsible for removing phosphates from proteins.

c.

To determine:

Whether the phosphatase gene is likely to be a proto-oncogene or a tumor-suppressor gene or neither.

Introduction:

A normal proto-oncogene promotes cell proliferation. A normal tumor-suppressor gene inhibits cell proliferation.