The given following compounds has to be prepared using an aldol addition in the first step. Concept introduction: If two different carbonyl compound used in an aldol addition, known as a crossed-aldol reaction. If the two carbonyl compounds contain alpha carbon then four products are formed because two different enolate ion is formed. If both carbonyl compounds have alpha hydrogens, primarily only one product is formed if LDA is used to remove the alpha hydrogen from carbonyl carbon that is needed for the enolate ion. Because LDA is a strong base, all of the carbonyl carbon is converted to the enolate ion, so none of the carbonyl carbon is left behind to react with enolate ion. Therefore, the second carbonyl compound is added slowly.

Question

2. Make an ice cube at 1 bar pressure by freezing an amount of liquid water that is 2 cm x 2 cm x 2 cm in volume. The density of liquid water at 0 °C is 1.000 g cm³ and the density of ice at 0 °C is 0.915 g cm³. Note that this difference in density is the reason your water pipes burst if they freeze and why you shouldn't forget to take your bottle of pop out of the freezer if you put it in there to try and cool it down faster. A. What is the work of expansion upon freezing? B. Is work done on the system or by the system?

Answer 1

Question

Definition Definition Organic compounds that have a carbonyl group, C=O, as their functional group. The carbonyl group in aldehydes is placed at the end of the molecular structure, which means the C=O is attached to one hydrogen atom and an alkyl group or a benzene ring. Just like all the other homologous series in organic chemistry, the naming of aldehydes uses the suffix “-al”. The general molecular formula is C n H 2n O.

Chapter 18.12, Problem 24P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The given following compounds has to be prepared using an aldol addition in the first step.

Concept introduction: If two different carbonyl compound used in an aldol addition, known as a crossed-aldol reaction. If the two carbonyl compounds contain alpha carbon then four products are formed because two different enolate ion is formed.

If both carbonyl compounds have alpha hydrogens, primarily only one product is formed if LDA is used to remove the alpha hydrogen from carbonyl carbon that is needed for the enolate ion.

Because LDA is a strong base, all of the carbonyl carbon is converted to the enolate ion, so none of the carbonyl carbon is left behind to react with enolate ion. Therefore, the second carbonyl compound is added slowly.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The given following compounds has to be prepared using an aldol addition in the first step

Concept introduction: If two different carbonyl compound used in an aldol addition, known as a crossed-aldol reaction. If the two carbonyl compounds contain alpha carbon then four products are formed because two different enolate ion is formed.

If both carbonyl compounds have alpha hydrogens, primarily only one product is formed if LDA is used to remove the alpha hydrogen from carbonyl carbon that is needed for the enolate ion.

Because LDA is a strong base, all of the carbonyl carbon is converted to the enolate ion, so none of the carbonyl carbon is left behind to react with enolate ion. Therefore, the second carbonyl compound is added slowly.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The given following compounds has to be prepared using an aldol addition in the first step.

Concept introduction: If two different carbonyl compound used in an aldol addition, known as a crossed-aldol reaction. If the two carbonyl compounds contain alpha carbon then four products are formed because two different enolate ion is formed.

If both carbonyl compounds have alpha hydrogens, primarily only one product is formed if LDA is used to remove the alpha hydrogen from carbonyl carbon that is needed for the enolate ion.

Because LDA is a strong base, all of the carbonyl carbon is converted to the enolate ion, so none of the carbonyl carbon is left behind to react with enolate ion. Therefore, the second carbonyl compound is added slowly.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The given following compounds has to be prepared using an aldol addition in the first step.

Concept introduction: If two different carbonyl compound used in an aldol addition, known as a crossed-aldol reaction. If the two carbonyl compounds contain alpha carbon then four products are formed because two different enolate ion is formed.

If both carbonyl compounds have alpha hydrogens, primarily only one product is formed if LDA is used to remove the alpha hydrogen from carbonyl carbon that is needed for the enolate ion.

Because LDA is a strong base, all of the carbonyl carbon is converted to the enolate ion, so none of the carbonyl carbon is left behind to react with enolate ion. Therefore, the second carbonyl compound is added slowly.

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2. Make an ice cube at 1 bar pressure by freezing an amount of liquid water that is 2 cm x 2 cm x 2 cm in volume. The density of liquid water at 0 °C is 1.000 g cm³ and the density of ice at 0 °C is 0.915 g cm³. Note that this difference in density is the reason your water pipes burst if they freeze and why you shouldn't forget to take your bottle of pop out of the freezer if you put it in there to try and cool it down faster. A. What is the work of expansion upon freezing? B. Is work done on the system or by the system?

I have a excitation/emission spectra of a quinine standard solution here, and I'm having trouble interpreting it. the red line is emission the blue line is excitation. i'm having trouble interpreting properly. just want to know if there is any evidence of raman or rayleigh peaks in the spectra.

Give the major product of the following reaction. excess 1. OH, H₂O 1.OH H CH3CH2CH21 H 2. A.-H₂O Draw the molecule on the canvas by choosing buttons from the Tools (for bonds), Atoms, and Advanced Template toolbars. The single bond is active by default.

Answer 2

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Definition Definition Organic compounds that have a carbonyl group, C=O, as their functional group. The carbonyl group in aldehydes is placed at the end of the molecular structure, which means the C=O is attached to one hydrogen atom and an alkyl group or a benzene ring. Just like all the other homologous series in organic chemistry, the naming of aldehydes uses the suffix “-al”. The general molecular formula is C n H 2n O.

Chapter 18.12, Problem 24P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The given following compounds has to be prepared using an aldol addition in the first step.

Concept introduction: If two different carbonyl compound used in an aldol addition, known as a crossed-aldol reaction. If the two carbonyl compounds contain alpha carbon then four products are formed because two different enolate ion is formed.

If both carbonyl compounds have alpha hydrogens, primarily only one product is formed if LDA is used to remove the alpha hydrogen from carbonyl carbon that is needed for the enolate ion.

Because LDA is a strong base, all of the carbonyl carbon is converted to the enolate ion, so none of the carbonyl carbon is left behind to react with enolate ion. Therefore, the second carbonyl compound is added slowly.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The given following compounds has to be prepared using an aldol addition in the first step

Concept introduction: If two different carbonyl compound used in an aldol addition, known as a crossed-aldol reaction. If the two carbonyl compounds contain alpha carbon then four products are formed because two different enolate ion is formed.

If both carbonyl compounds have alpha hydrogens, primarily only one product is formed if LDA is used to remove the alpha hydrogen from carbonyl carbon that is needed for the enolate ion.

Because LDA is a strong base, all of the carbonyl carbon is converted to the enolate ion, so none of the carbonyl carbon is left behind to react with enolate ion. Therefore, the second carbonyl compound is added slowly.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The given following compounds has to be prepared using an aldol addition in the first step.

Concept introduction: If two different carbonyl compound used in an aldol addition, known as a crossed-aldol reaction. If the two carbonyl compounds contain alpha carbon then four products are formed because two different enolate ion is formed.

If both carbonyl compounds have alpha hydrogens, primarily only one product is formed if LDA is used to remove the alpha hydrogen from carbonyl carbon that is needed for the enolate ion.

Because LDA is a strong base, all of the carbonyl carbon is converted to the enolate ion, so none of the carbonyl carbon is left behind to react with enolate ion. Therefore, the second carbonyl compound is added slowly.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The given following compounds has to be prepared using an aldol addition in the first step.

Concept introduction: If two different carbonyl compound used in an aldol addition, known as a crossed-aldol reaction. If the two carbonyl compounds contain alpha carbon then four products are formed because two different enolate ion is formed.

If both carbonyl compounds have alpha hydrogens, primarily only one product is formed if LDA is used to remove the alpha hydrogen from carbonyl carbon that is needed for the enolate ion.

Because LDA is a strong base, all of the carbonyl carbon is converted to the enolate ion, so none of the carbonyl carbon is left behind to react with enolate ion. Therefore, the second carbonyl compound is added slowly.

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Answer 3

Question

Definition Definition Organic compounds that have a carbonyl group, C=O, as their functional group. The carbonyl group in aldehydes is placed at the end of the molecular structure, which means the C=O is attached to one hydrogen atom and an alkyl group or a benzene ring. Just like all the other homologous series in organic chemistry, the naming of aldehydes uses the suffix “-al”. The general molecular formula is C n H 2n O.

Chapter 18.12, Problem 24P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The given following compounds has to be prepared using an aldol addition in the first step.

Concept introduction: If two different carbonyl compound used in an aldol addition, known as a crossed-aldol reaction. If the two carbonyl compounds contain alpha carbon then four products are formed because two different enolate ion is formed.

If both carbonyl compounds have alpha hydrogens, primarily only one product is formed if LDA is used to remove the alpha hydrogen from carbonyl carbon that is needed for the enolate ion.

Because LDA is a strong base, all of the carbonyl carbon is converted to the enolate ion, so none of the carbonyl carbon is left behind to react with enolate ion. Therefore, the second carbonyl compound is added slowly.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The given following compounds has to be prepared using an aldol addition in the first step

Concept introduction: If two different carbonyl compound used in an aldol addition, known as a crossed-aldol reaction. If the two carbonyl compounds contain alpha carbon then four products are formed because two different enolate ion is formed.

If both carbonyl compounds have alpha hydrogens, primarily only one product is formed if LDA is used to remove the alpha hydrogen from carbonyl carbon that is needed for the enolate ion.

Because LDA is a strong base, all of the carbonyl carbon is converted to the enolate ion, so none of the carbonyl carbon is left behind to react with enolate ion. Therefore, the second carbonyl compound is added slowly.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The given following compounds has to be prepared using an aldol addition in the first step.

Concept introduction: If two different carbonyl compound used in an aldol addition, known as a crossed-aldol reaction. If the two carbonyl compounds contain alpha carbon then four products are formed because two different enolate ion is formed.

If both carbonyl compounds have alpha hydrogens, primarily only one product is formed if LDA is used to remove the alpha hydrogen from carbonyl carbon that is needed for the enolate ion.

Because LDA is a strong base, all of the carbonyl carbon is converted to the enolate ion, so none of the carbonyl carbon is left behind to react with enolate ion. Therefore, the second carbonyl compound is added slowly.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The given following compounds has to be prepared using an aldol addition in the first step.

Concept introduction: If two different carbonyl compound used in an aldol addition, known as a crossed-aldol reaction. If the two carbonyl compounds contain alpha carbon then four products are formed because two different enolate ion is formed.

If both carbonyl compounds have alpha hydrogens, primarily only one product is formed if LDA is used to remove the alpha hydrogen from carbonyl carbon that is needed for the enolate ion.

Because LDA is a strong base, all of the carbonyl carbon is converted to the enolate ion, so none of the carbonyl carbon is left behind to react with enolate ion. Therefore, the second carbonyl compound is added slowly.

Expert Solution & Answer

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Answer 4

Question

Definition Definition Organic compounds that have a carbonyl group, C=O, as their functional group. The carbonyl group in aldehydes is placed at the end of the molecular structure, which means the C=O is attached to one hydrogen atom and an alkyl group or a benzene ring. Just like all the other homologous series in organic chemistry, the naming of aldehydes uses the suffix “-al”. The general molecular formula is C n H 2n O.

Chapter 18.12, Problem 24P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The given following compounds has to be prepared using an aldol addition in the first step.

Concept introduction: If two different carbonyl compound used in an aldol addition, known as a crossed-aldol reaction. If the two carbonyl compounds contain alpha carbon then four products are formed because two different enolate ion is formed.

If both carbonyl compounds have alpha hydrogens, primarily only one product is formed if LDA is used to remove the alpha hydrogen from carbonyl carbon that is needed for the enolate ion.

Because LDA is a strong base, all of the carbonyl carbon is converted to the enolate ion, so none of the carbonyl carbon is left behind to react with enolate ion. Therefore, the second carbonyl compound is added slowly.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The given following compounds has to be prepared using an aldol addition in the first step

Concept introduction: If two different carbonyl compound used in an aldol addition, known as a crossed-aldol reaction. If the two carbonyl compounds contain alpha carbon then four products are formed because two different enolate ion is formed.

If both carbonyl compounds have alpha hydrogens, primarily only one product is formed if LDA is used to remove the alpha hydrogen from carbonyl carbon that is needed for the enolate ion.

Because LDA is a strong base, all of the carbonyl carbon is converted to the enolate ion, so none of the carbonyl carbon is left behind to react with enolate ion. Therefore, the second carbonyl compound is added slowly.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The given following compounds has to be prepared using an aldol addition in the first step.

Concept introduction: If two different carbonyl compound used in an aldol addition, known as a crossed-aldol reaction. If the two carbonyl compounds contain alpha carbon then four products are formed because two different enolate ion is formed.

If both carbonyl compounds have alpha hydrogens, primarily only one product is formed if LDA is used to remove the alpha hydrogen from carbonyl carbon that is needed for the enolate ion.

Because LDA is a strong base, all of the carbonyl carbon is converted to the enolate ion, so none of the carbonyl carbon is left behind to react with enolate ion. Therefore, the second carbonyl compound is added slowly.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The given following compounds has to be prepared using an aldol addition in the first step.

Concept introduction: If two different carbonyl compound used in an aldol addition, known as a crossed-aldol reaction. If the two carbonyl compounds contain alpha carbon then four products are formed because two different enolate ion is formed.

If both carbonyl compounds have alpha hydrogens, primarily only one product is formed if LDA is used to remove the alpha hydrogen from carbonyl carbon that is needed for the enolate ion.

Because LDA is a strong base, all of the carbonyl carbon is converted to the enolate ion, so none of the carbonyl carbon is left behind to react with enolate ion. Therefore, the second carbonyl compound is added slowly.

Expert Solution & Answer

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Answer 5

Chapter 18.12, Problem 24P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The given following compounds has to be prepared using an aldol addition in the first step.

Concept introduction: If two different carbonyl compound used in an aldol addition, known as a crossed-aldol reaction. If the two carbonyl compounds contain alpha carbon then four products are formed because two different enolate ion is formed.

If both carbonyl compounds have alpha hydrogens, primarily only one product is formed if LDA is used to remove the alpha hydrogen from carbonyl carbon that is needed for the enolate ion.

Because LDA is a strong base, all of the carbonyl carbon is converted to the enolate ion, so none of the carbonyl carbon is left behind to react with enolate ion. Therefore, the second carbonyl compound is added slowly.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The given following compounds has to be prepared using an aldol addition in the first step

Concept introduction: If two different carbonyl compound used in an aldol addition, known as a crossed-aldol reaction. If the two carbonyl compounds contain alpha carbon then four products are formed because two different enolate ion is formed.

If both carbonyl compounds have alpha hydrogens, primarily only one product is formed if LDA is used to remove the alpha hydrogen from carbonyl carbon that is needed for the enolate ion.

Because LDA is a strong base, all of the carbonyl carbon is converted to the enolate ion, so none of the carbonyl carbon is left behind to react with enolate ion. Therefore, the second carbonyl compound is added slowly.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The given following compounds has to be prepared using an aldol addition in the first step.

Concept introduction: If two different carbonyl compound used in an aldol addition, known as a crossed-aldol reaction. If the two carbonyl compounds contain alpha carbon then four products are formed because two different enolate ion is formed.

If both carbonyl compounds have alpha hydrogens, primarily only one product is formed if LDA is used to remove the alpha hydrogen from carbonyl carbon that is needed for the enolate ion.

Because LDA is a strong base, all of the carbonyl carbon is converted to the enolate ion, so none of the carbonyl carbon is left behind to react with enolate ion. Therefore, the second carbonyl compound is added slowly.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The given following compounds has to be prepared using an aldol addition in the first step.

Concept introduction: If two different carbonyl compound used in an aldol addition, known as a crossed-aldol reaction. If the two carbonyl compounds contain alpha carbon then four products are formed because two different enolate ion is formed.

If both carbonyl compounds have alpha hydrogens, primarily only one product is formed if LDA is used to remove the alpha hydrogen from carbonyl carbon that is needed for the enolate ion.

Because LDA is a strong base, all of the carbonyl carbon is converted to the enolate ion, so none of the carbonyl carbon is left behind to react with enolate ion. Therefore, the second carbonyl compound is added slowly.

Answer 6

Chapter 18.12, Problem 24P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The given following compounds has to be prepared using an aldol addition in the first step.

Concept introduction: If two different carbonyl compound used in an aldol addition, known as a crossed-aldol reaction. If the two carbonyl compounds contain alpha carbon then four products are formed because two different enolate ion is formed.

If both carbonyl compounds have alpha hydrogens, primarily only one product is formed if LDA is used to remove the alpha hydrogen from carbonyl carbon that is needed for the enolate ion.

Because LDA is a strong base, all of the carbonyl carbon is converted to the enolate ion, so none of the carbonyl carbon is left behind to react with enolate ion. Therefore, the second carbonyl compound is added slowly.

Answer 7

Chapter 18.12, Problem 24P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The given following compounds has to be prepared using an aldol addition in the first step.

Concept introduction: If two different carbonyl compound used in an aldol addition, known as a crossed-aldol reaction. If the two carbonyl compounds contain alpha carbon then four products are formed because two different enolate ion is formed.

If both carbonyl compounds have alpha hydrogens, primarily only one product is formed if LDA is used to remove the alpha hydrogen from carbonyl carbon that is needed for the enolate ion.

Because LDA is a strong base, all of the carbonyl carbon is converted to the enolate ion, so none of the carbonyl carbon is left behind to react with enolate ion. Therefore, the second carbonyl compound is added slowly.

Answer 8

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The given following compounds has to be prepared using an aldol addition in the first step

Concept introduction: If two different carbonyl compound used in an aldol addition, known as a crossed-aldol reaction. If the two carbonyl compounds contain alpha carbon then four products are formed because two different enolate ion is formed.

If both carbonyl compounds have alpha hydrogens, primarily only one product is formed if LDA is used to remove the alpha hydrogen from carbonyl carbon that is needed for the enolate ion.

Because LDA is a strong base, all of the carbonyl carbon is converted to the enolate ion, so none of the carbonyl carbon is left behind to react with enolate ion. Therefore, the second carbonyl compound is added slowly.

Answer 9

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The given following compounds has to be prepared using an aldol addition in the first step

Concept introduction: If two different carbonyl compound used in an aldol addition, known as a crossed-aldol reaction. If the two carbonyl compounds contain alpha carbon then four products are formed because two different enolate ion is formed.

If both carbonyl compounds have alpha hydrogens, primarily only one product is formed if LDA is used to remove the alpha hydrogen from carbonyl carbon that is needed for the enolate ion.

Because LDA is a strong base, all of the carbonyl carbon is converted to the enolate ion, so none of the carbonyl carbon is left behind to react with enolate ion. Therefore, the second carbonyl compound is added slowly.

Answer 10

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The given following compounds has to be prepared using an aldol addition in the first step.

Concept introduction: If two different carbonyl compound used in an aldol addition, known as a crossed-aldol reaction. If the two carbonyl compounds contain alpha carbon then four products are formed because two different enolate ion is formed.

If both carbonyl compounds have alpha hydrogens, primarily only one product is formed if LDA is used to remove the alpha hydrogen from carbonyl carbon that is needed for the enolate ion.

Because LDA is a strong base, all of the carbonyl carbon is converted to the enolate ion, so none of the carbonyl carbon is left behind to react with enolate ion. Therefore, the second carbonyl compound is added slowly.

Answer 11

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The given following compounds has to be prepared using an aldol addition in the first step.

Concept introduction: If two different carbonyl compound used in an aldol addition, known as a crossed-aldol reaction. If the two carbonyl compounds contain alpha carbon then four products are formed because two different enolate ion is formed.

If both carbonyl compounds have alpha hydrogens, primarily only one product is formed if LDA is used to remove the alpha hydrogen from carbonyl carbon that is needed for the enolate ion.

Because LDA is a strong base, all of the carbonyl carbon is converted to the enolate ion, so none of the carbonyl carbon is left behind to react with enolate ion. Therefore, the second carbonyl compound is added slowly.

Answer 12

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The given following compounds has to be prepared using an aldol addition in the first step.

Concept introduction: If two different carbonyl compound used in an aldol addition, known as a crossed-aldol reaction. If the two carbonyl compounds contain alpha carbon then four products are formed because two different enolate ion is formed.

If both carbonyl compounds have alpha hydrogens, primarily only one product is formed if LDA is used to remove the alpha hydrogen from carbonyl carbon that is needed for the enolate ion.

Because LDA is a strong base, all of the carbonyl carbon is converted to the enolate ion, so none of the carbonyl carbon is left behind to react with enolate ion. Therefore, the second carbonyl compound is added slowly.

Answer 13

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The given following compounds has to be prepared using an aldol addition in the first step.

Concept introduction: If two different carbonyl compound used in an aldol addition, known as a crossed-aldol reaction. If the two carbonyl compounds contain alpha carbon then four products are formed because two different enolate ion is formed.

If both carbonyl compounds have alpha hydrogens, primarily only one product is formed if LDA is used to remove the alpha hydrogen from carbonyl carbon that is needed for the enolate ion.

Because LDA is a strong base, all of the carbonyl carbon is converted to the enolate ion, so none of the carbonyl carbon is left behind to react with enolate ion. Therefore, the second carbonyl compound is added slowly.

Answer 14

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Ch. 18.1 - Prob. 1P Ch. 18.1 - Prob. 2P Ch. 18.1 - Prob. 3P Ch. 18.1 - Prob. 4P Ch. 18.1 - PROBLEM 5♦ List the compounds in each of the...Ch. 18.2 - Explain why 92% of 2,4-pemtanedione exists as the...Ch. 18.3 - Draw the enol tautomers for each of the following...Ch. 18.3 - Prob. 8P Ch. 18.4 - Prob. 9P Ch. 18.4 - Prob. 10P

Solution Summary: The author explains that the following compounds have to be prepared using an aldol addition in the first step.

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Chapter 18 Solutions