
Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation:
Balanced equation for the alpha decay of plutonium-239 has to be written.
(a)

Explanation of Solution
Alpha emission results in the formation of nucleus that has mass number less by 4 and
(b)
Interpretation:
Mass of plutonium-239 present after 1000 year has to be calculated.
(b)

Explanation of Solution
Given mass of plutonium-239 is
Decay rate constant can be calculated as shown below,
The mass of plutonium-239 that remains after 1000 years can be calculated as shown below,
Therefore, mass of plutonium present after 1000 years is
(c)
Interpretation:
Amount of energy given off by alpha emission of plutonium-239 has to be calculated.
(c)

Explanation of Solution
Change in mass for the alpha emission of plutonium-239 can be calculated as shown below,
Nuclear binding energy is calculated as shown below,
(d)
Interpretation:
Time required for the activity of plutonium-239 to decrease to
(d)

Explanation of Solution
Given mass of plutonium-239 is
Decay rate constant can be calculated as shown below,
Initial activity is
Time required is calculated as
(e)
Interpretation:
Radiation that is received by
(e)

Explanation of Solution
Given mass of plutonium-239 is
Decay rate constant can be calculated as shown below,
First-order rate law can be used to determine the mass of plutonium-239 after
Energy that is released can be calculated as shown below,
The emission in rads can be calculated as shown below,
Effective dose in rem can be calculated using the quality factor as shown below,
(f)
Interpretation:
The factors that has to be considered for burial and storage has to be commented.
(f)

Explanation of Solution
Time that is required to reduce the potency of plutonium-239 is thousands of years in macroscopic quantities. Thus the burial and storage of plutonium-239 has to be done in a remote location that will not be used for any other purpose. The burial unit has to be properly marked as dangerous and fenced. The site has to be inaccessible to the general public. This site also should have a minimal number of burrowing animal life and rooted plants. Apart from this air testing and periodic soil testing has to be feasible.
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Chapter 18 Solutions
Chemistry: The Molecular Science
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- Predict the products of this organic reaction: Explanation Check IN NaBH3CN H+ ? Click and drag to start drawing a structure. D 5 C +arrow_forwardPredict the products of this organic reaction: H3O+ + ? • Draw all the reasonable products in the drawing area below. If there are no products, because no reaction will occur, check the box under the drawing area. • Include both major and minor products, if some of the products will be more common than others. • Be sure to use wedge and dash bonds if you need to distinguish between enantiomers. No reaction. Click and drag to start drawing a structure. dmarrow_forwardIarrow_forward
- Draw the anti-Markovnikov product of the hydration of this alkene. this problem. Note for advanced students: draw only one product, and don't worry about showing any stereochemistry. Drawing dash and wedge bonds has been disabled for esc esc ☐ Explanation Check F1 1 2 F2 # 3 F3 + $ 14 × 1. BH THE BH3 2. H O NaOH '2 2' Click and drag to start drawing a structure. F4 Q W E R A S D % 905 LL F5 F6 F7 © 2025 McGraw Hill LLC. All Rights Reserved. Terms of Use | Privacy Center | Accessibility < & 6 7 27 8 T Y U G H I F8 F9 F10 F11 F12 9 0 J K L P + // command option Z X C V B N M H H rol option commandarrow_forwardAG/F-2° V 3. Before proceeding with this problem you may want to glance at p. 466 of your textbook where various oxo-phosphorus derivatives and their oxidation states are summarized. Shown below are Latimer diagrams for phosphorus at pH values at 0 and 14: -0.93 +0.38 -0.50 -0.51 -0.06 H3PO4 →H4P206 →H3PO3 →→H3PO₂ → P → PH3 Acidic solution Basic solution -0.28 -0.50 3--1.12 -1.57 -2.05 -0.89 PO HPO H₂PO₂ →P → PH3 -1.73 a) Under acidic conditions, H3PO4 can be reduced into H3PO3 directly (-0.28V), or via the formation and reduction of H4P206 (-0.93/+0.38V). Calculate the values of AG's for both processes; comment. (3 points) 0.5 PH P 0.0 -0.5 -1.0- -1.5- -2.0 H.PO, -2.3+ -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 2 H,PO, b) Frost diagram for phosphorus under acidic conditions is shown. Identify possible disproportionation and comproportionation processes; write out chemical equations describing them. (2 points) H,PO 4 S Oxidation stale, Narrow_forward4. For the following complexes, draw the structures and give a d-electron count of the metal: a) Tris(acetylacetonato)iron(III) b) Hexabromoplatinate(2-) c) Potassium diamminetetrabromocobaltate(III) (6 points)arrow_forward
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