
Outline the steps involved in processing (a) ceramic and (b) glasses.
a)

Outline the steps involved in processing of ceramics and (b) glasses.
Explanation of Solution
Steps of Ceramics Processing:-
Step #1: Milling & Raw Material Procurement
The raw materials used in the process are milled materials typically found in mining sites that have been reduced from a larger size to a smaller size or even in some cases, it will be pulverized depends upon the end product required.
Step #2: Sizing
Here it is! During this step of the processing sequence, the materials which have gone through the milling, as well as the procurement process should be sized in order to separate the material desirable, from the ones non-usable. By means of controlling the size of the particle, it would result in a proper bonding along with a smooth surface of the finished product.
Step #3: Batching
This part of the process may be called “blending”. It calculates weighing, amounts and an initial blend of the raw materials. To have a material flow consistently into a pub mill hopper, in this process, Vibratory Feeders may be applied if you are having a lighter load capacity and the dusty hazardous environment.
Step #4: Mixing
To get a more physically and chemically homogeneous material before forming, the ceramic powder constituents are combined applying the process of blinging or mixing. Pug mills are the most favored piece of machinery utilized in the concerned step of the process while dealing with dry mixes.
Step #5: Forming
For forming, the materials including pastes, dry powders, or slurries are first consolidated, then molded to form a cohesive body of the desired end product. When it comes to dry forming, to get the desired shape, vibratory compaction may be used.
Step #6: Drying
The formed materials not only hold water but also a binder in its mix. This may lead to shrinkage, distortion, or warping of the product. Usually, convection drying happens to be the most used method where heated air gets circulated around the piece of ceramic which lessens the risk of those imperfections in the finished product.
Step #7: Glazing
This step is added to the process prior to firing. Typically, the glaze consists of oxides that give the product the desired finish look. All the raw materials are grounded in an attrition mill and ball mill. Customers are provided withVibratory Screeners which screened the glaze for giving the mixture a consistency which is not just uniform, but when applied to any of the ceramics, would be even and smooth. The glaze may be applied by dipping or spraying.
Step #8: Firing
The ceramics pass through a controlled heat process where the oxides are consolidated into a dense, cohesive body made up of uniform grain.
b)

Outline the steps involved in processing of glasses.
Explanation of Solution
Steps involved in processing glasses:-
Step #1: Melting and Refining
In order to make clear glass, the right set of raw materials is required. It comprises of Na2O (sodium oxide) from soda ash, SiO2 (silica sand), MgO (dolomite),CaO (calcium oxide) from limestone/dolomite, and Al2O3 (feldspar). The ingredients get mixed in their right proportions. The entire batch gets flown into a furnace that is heated as much as to 1500 degree Celsius.
Step #2: Float bath
From the furnace, the molten material goes into the float bath comprising of a mirror-like surface created from the molten tin. This material, then, flows into the bath at 1500 degree Celsius. It leaves the bath approximately at 650 degree Celsius. At the exit, its shape looks like a solid ribbon.
Step #3: Coating for reflective glass
If a reflective glass surface which helps in having the indoors cooler, is produced, then the procedures of coating are followed where either a soft or a hard coat gets applied on the ribbon surface which was cooled at high temperatures.
Step #4: Annealing
For removing the internal stresses built up in the glass, a procedure known as annealing is conducted. The procedure helps the glass ribbon to get through a layer that gets rid of any stresses on the surface of the glass, gradually cooling it to create the final hardened form. Because of it, cutting the glass and shaping it accordingly become easier.
Step #5: Inspecting
Through advanced and acute inspection technology, over 100 million inspections may be conducted throughout the glass manufacturing process for identifying stresses, air bubbles, or grains of sand which refuse to melt. It is vital in quality-proofing the finished form of glass.
Step #6: Cutting to order
Diamond steels are used to trim and cut the glass ribbons into square shapes.
Want to see more full solutions like this?
Chapter 18 Solutions
Manufacturing Engineering & Technology
- Q4 The two solid shafts are connected by gears as shown and are made of a steel for which the allowable shearing stress is 7000 psi. Knowing the diameters of the two shafts are, respectively, dBC determine the largest torque Tc that can be applied at C. 4 and dEF dBC=Last 1 student ID+3 inch dEF=Last 1 student ID+1 inch 7 R=Last 1 Student ID+5 inch 9 R B Tc 2.5 in. E TF Harrow_forwardExperiment تكنولوجيا السيارات - Internal Forced convenction Heat transfer Air Flow through Rectangular Duct. objective: Study the convection heat transfer of air flow through rectangular duct. Valve Th Top Dead Centre Exhaust Valve Class CP. N; ~ RIVavg Ti K 2.11 Te To 18.8 21.3 45.8 Nath Ne Pre Calculations:. Q = m cp (Te-Ti) m: Varg Ac Acca*b Q=hexp As (Ts-Tm) 2 2.61 18.5 20.846.3 Tm = Te-Ti = 25 AS-PL = (a+b)*2*L Nu exp= Re-Vavy D heep Dh k 2ab a+b Nu Dh the- (TS-Tm) Ts. Tmy Name / Nu exp Naxe بب ارتدان العشريarrow_forwardProcedure:1- Cartesian system, 2D3D,type of support2- Free body diagram3 - Find the support reactions4- If you find a negativenumber then flip the force5- Find the internal force3D∑Fx=0∑Fy=0∑Fz=0∑Mx=0∑My=0\Sigma Mz=02D\Sigma Fx=0\Sigma Fy=0\Sigma Mz=05- Use method of sectionand cut the elementwhere you want to findarrow_forward
- Procedure:1- Cartesian system, 2D3D,type of support2- Free body diagram3 - Find the support reactions4- If you find a negativenumber then flip the force5- Find the internal force3D∑Fx=0∑Fy=0∑Fz=0∑Mx=0∑My=0\Sigma Mz=02D\Sigma Fx=0\Sigma Fy=0\Sigma Mz=05- Use method of sectionand cut the elementwhere you want to findthe internal force andkeep either side of thearrow_forwardProcedure: 1- Cartesian system, 2D3D, type of support 2- Free body diagram 3 - Find the support reactions 4- If you find a negative number then flip the force 5- Find the internal force 3D ∑Fx=0 ∑Fy=0 ∑Fz=0 ∑Mx=0 ∑My=0 ΣMz=0 2D ΣFx=0 ΣFy=0 ΣMz=0 5- Use method of section and cut the element where you want to find the internal force and keep either side of thearrow_forwardProcedure:1- Cartesian system, 2D3D,type of support2- Free body diagram3 - Find the support reactions4- If you find a negativenumber then flip the force5- Find the internal force3D∑Fx=0∑Fy=0∑Fz=0∑Mx=0∑My=0\Sigma Mz=02D\Sigma Fx=0\Sigma Fy=0\Sigma Mz=05- Use method of sectionand cut the elementwhere you want to findthe internal force andkeep either side of thearrow_forward
- Procedure: 1- Cartesian system, 2(D)/(3)D, type of support 2- Free body diagram 3 - Find the support reactions 4- If you find a negative number then flip the force 5- Find the internal force 3D \sum Fx=0 \sum Fy=0 \sum Fz=0 \sum Mx=0 \sum My=0 \Sigma Mz=0 2D \Sigma Fx=0 \Sigma Fy=0 \Sigma Mz=0 5- Use method of section and cut the element where you want to find the internal force and keep either side of the sectionarrow_forwardProcedure: 1- Cartesian system, 2(D)/(3)D, type of support 2- Free body diagram 3 - Find the support reactions 4- If you find a negative number then flip the force 5- Find the internal force 3D \sum Fx=0 \sum Fy=0 \sum Fz=0 \sum Mx=0 \sum My=0 \Sigma Mz=0 2D \Sigma Fx=0 \Sigma Fy=0 \Sigma Mz=0 5- Use method of section and cut the element where you want to find the internal force and keep either side of the sectionarrow_forwardFor each system below with transfer function G(s), plot the pole(s) on the s-plane. and indicate whether the system is: (a) "stable" (i.e., a bounded input will always result in a bounded output), (b) "marginally stable," or (c) "unstable" Sketch a rough graph of the time response to a step input. 8 a) G(s) = 5-5 8 b) G(s) = c) G(s) = = s+5 3s + 8 s² - 2s +2 3s +8 d) G(s): = s²+2s+2 3s+8 e) G(s): = s² +9 f) G(s): 8 00 == Sarrow_forward
- Please answer the following question. Include all work and plase explain. Graphs are provided below. "Consider the Mg (Magnesium) - Ni (Nickel) phase diagram shown below. This phase diagram contains two eutectic reactions and two intermediate phases (Mg2Ni and MgNi2). At a temperature of 505oC, determine what the composition of an alloy would need to be to contain a mass fraction of 0.20 Mg and 0.80 Mg2Ni."arrow_forwardThe triangular plate, having a 90∘∘ angle at AA, supports the load PP = 370 lblb as shown in (Figure 1).arrow_forwardDesign a 4-bar linkage to carry the body in Figure 1 through the two positions P1 and P2 at the angles shown in the figure. Use analytical synthesis with the free choice values z = 1.075, q= 210°, ß2 = −27° for left side and s = 1.24, y= 74°, ½ = − 40° for right side. φ 1.236 P2 147.5° 210° 2.138 P1 Figure 1 Xarrow_forward
- Elements Of ElectromagneticsMechanical EngineeringISBN:9780190698614Author:Sadiku, Matthew N. O.Publisher:Oxford University PressMechanics of Materials (10th Edition)Mechanical EngineeringISBN:9780134319650Author:Russell C. HibbelerPublisher:PEARSONThermodynamics: An Engineering ApproachMechanical EngineeringISBN:9781259822674Author:Yunus A. Cengel Dr., Michael A. BolesPublisher:McGraw-Hill Education
- Control Systems EngineeringMechanical EngineeringISBN:9781118170519Author:Norman S. NisePublisher:WILEYMechanics of Materials (MindTap Course List)Mechanical EngineeringISBN:9781337093347Author:Barry J. Goodno, James M. GerePublisher:Cengage LearningEngineering Mechanics: StaticsMechanical EngineeringISBN:9781118807330Author:James L. Meriam, L. G. Kraige, J. N. BoltonPublisher:WILEY





