Chapter 18, Problem 1P

Match each of the terms in the left column to the best-fitting phrase in the right column.

a.transgene	1. genetically engineered viral genome that transfers a therapy gene
b. pronuclear injection	2. contains additional or altered DNA through gene targeting
c. floxed gene	3. useful for making conditional knockouts
d. T-DNA	4. can develop into any cell type
e. AAV vector	5. plant or animal that carries a transgene
f. packaging cells	6. causes crossovers at loxP sites
g. Cas9	7. gene transferred by a scientist into an organism’s genome
h. knockout mouse	8. vector of bacterial origin used for constructing transgenic plants
i. knockin mouse	9. method of DNA transfer used for many vertebrates
j. Cre recombinase	10. endonuclease used for genome editing along with sgRNA
k. ES cells	11. loss-of-function mutant through gene targeting
l. GM organism	12. generate viral particles for gene therapy

Summary Introduction

a.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “transgene” among the options given below.

1. genetically engineered viral genome that transfers a therapy gene

2. contains additional or altered DNA through gene targeting

3. useful for making conditional knockouts

4. can develop into any cell type

5. plant or animal that carries a transgene

6. causes crossovers at loxP sites

7. gene transferred by a scientist into an organism’s genome

8. vector of bacterial origin used for constructing transgenic plants

9. method of DNA transfer used for many vertebrates

10. endonuclease used for genome editing along with sgRNA

11. loss-of-function mutant through gene targeting

12. generate viral particles for gene therapy

Introduction:

Transgene can be defined as the gene that are used for creating the genetically modified organisms.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Transgene: Gene transferred by a scientist into an organism’s genome

Explanation of Solution

A gene that has been transferred from one to another organism is referred to as transgene. This type of process might occur naturally or with the help of genetic engineering techniques.

Summary Introduction

b.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “pronuclear injection” among the options given below.

1. genetically engineered viral genome that transfers a therapy gene

2. contains additional or altered DNA through gene targeting

3. useful for making conditional knockouts

4. can develop into any cell type

5. plant or animal that carries a transgene

6. causes crossovers at loxP sites

7. gene transferred by a scientist into an organism’s genome

8. vector of bacterial origin used for constructing transgenic plants

9. method of DNA transfer used for many vertebrates

10. endonuclease used for genome editing along with sgRNA

11. loss-of-function mutant through gene targeting

12. generate viral particles for gene therapy

Introduction:

Pronuclear injection is a type of tool that is used for the purpose of transferring genetic content into the other organisms.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Pronuclear injection: Method of DNA transfer used for many vertebrates

Explanation of Solution

The pronuclear injection is a very specific process that is used for the creation of transgenic animals. This process includes the collection of fertilized eggs at the stag of single cell.

Summary Introduction

c.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “floxed gene” among the options given below.

1. genetically engineered viral genome that transfers a therapy gene

2. contains additional or altered DNA through gene targeting

3. useful for making conditional knockouts

4. can develop into any cell type

5. plant or animal that carries a transgene

6. causes crossovers at loxP sites

7. gene transferred by a scientist into an organism’s genome

8. vector of bacterial origin used for constructing transgenic plants

9. method of DNA transfer used for many vertebrates

10. endonuclease used for genome editing along with sgRNA

11. loss-of-function mutant through gene targeting

12. generate viral particles for gene therapy

Introduction:

Floxed genes are defined as the genes that are used for the construction of conditional knockouts.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Floxed gene: Useful for making conditional knockouts

Explanation of Solution

Floxing is specifically characterized by the process of sandwiching a sequence of DNA between the two lox P sites. This floxed gene is sandwiched between these two genes.

Summary Introduction

d.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “T-DNA” among the options given below.

1. genetically engineered viral genome that transfers a therapy gene

2. contains additional or altered DNA through gene targeting

3. useful for making conditional knockouts

4. can develop into any cell type

5. plant or animal that carries a transgene

6. causes crossovers at loxP sites

7. gene transferred by a scientist into an organism’s genome

8. vector of bacterial origin used for constructing transgenic plants

9. method of DNA transfer used for many vertebrates

10. endonuclease used for genome editing along with sgRNA

11. loss-of-function mutant through gene targeting

12. generate viral particles for gene therapy

Introduction:

T-DNA is a type of vector that is used for the production of transgenic plants.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

T-DNA: Vector of bacterial origin used for constructing transgenic plants

Explanation of Solution

Transfer DNA is the full form of t-DNA. This DNA belongs to Ti or Tumor-inducing plasmid of bacteria. It is composed of base-pair repeats on either side of the T-DNA and also contains genes for the coding of phytohormones.

Summary Introduction

e.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “AAV vector” among the options given below.

1. genetically engineered viral genome that transfers a therapy gene

2. contains additional or altered DNA through gene targeting

3. useful for making conditional knockouts

4. can develop into any cell type

5. plant or animal that carries a transgene

6. causes crossovers at loxP sites

7. gene transferred by a scientist into an organism’s genome

8. vector of bacterial origin used for constructing transgenic plants

9. method of DNA transfer used for many vertebrates

10. endonuclease used for genome editing along with sgRNA

11. loss-of-function mutant through gene targeting

12. generate viral particles for gene therapy

Introduction:

When a therapy gene has to be inserted in an organism, a viral genome is required. This process is carried out by AAV vector.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

AAV vector: Genetically engineered viral genome that transfers a therapy gene

Explanation of Solution

The AAV vector stands for adeno-associated virus vector. It is a very small virus that is responsible for infecting few vertebrates and humans. This virus cannot develop a disease but can cause a mild or gentle immune response.

Summary Introduction

f.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “packaging cells” among the options given below.

1. genetically engineered viral genome that transfers a therapy gene

2. contains additional or altered DNA through gene targeting

3. useful for making conditional knockouts

4. can develop into any cell type

5. plant or animal that carries a transgene

6. causes crossovers at loxP sites

7. gene transferred by a scientist into an organism’s genome

8. vector of bacterial origin used for constructing transgenic plants

9. method of DNA transfer used for many vertebrates

10. endonuclease used for genome editing along with sgRNA

11. loss-of-function mutant through gene targeting

12. generate viral particles for gene therapy

Introduction:

These packaging cells are utilized for the generation of the viral particles for the process of gene therapy.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Packaging cells: Generate viral particles for gene therapy

Explanation of Solution

Specific genes can be efficiently transferred with the help of retroviral vectors by the process of transduction. These viral vectors are packaged inside the cells of host.

Summary Introduction

g.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “Cas9” among the options given below.

1. genetically engineered viral genome that transfers a therapy gene

2. contains additional or altered DNA through gene targeting

3. useful for making conditional knockouts

4. can develop into any cell type

5. plant or animal that carries a transgene

6. causes crossovers at loxP sites

7. gene transferred by a scientist into an organism’s genome

8. vector of bacterial origin used for constructing transgenic plants

9. method of DNA transfer used for many vertebrates

10. endonuclease used for genome editing along with sgRNA

11. loss-of-function mutant through gene targeting

12. generate viral particles for gene therapy

Introduction:

Cas9 is a type of restriction enezyme that is used for the genome editing purposes.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Cas9: Endonuclease used for genome editing along with sgRNA

Explanation of Solution

This is a restriction enzyme that can be efficiently engineered for cutting specific DNA sequences.

Summary Introduction

h.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “knockout mouse” among the options given below.

1. genetically engineered viral genome that transfers a therapy gene

2. contains additional or altered DNA through gene targeting

3. useful for making conditional knockouts

4. can develop into any cell type

5. plant or animal that carries a transgene

6. causes crossovers at loxP sites

7. gene transferred by a scientist into an organism’s genome

8. vector of bacterial origin used for constructing transgenic plants

9. method of DNA transfer used for many vertebrates

10. endonuclease used for genome editing along with sgRNA

11. loss-of-function mutant through gene targeting

12. generate viral particles for gene therapy

Introduction:

A humanmade mouse in which insertion or knockout of genes is carried out by the researchers.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Knockout mouse: Loss-of-function mutant through gene targeting

Explanation of Solution

A knockout mouse can be defined as a laboratory mouse in which insertion or knockout of existing genes is done by the researchers. It is carried out by the process of gene targeting.

Summary Introduction

i.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “knockin mouse” among the options given below.

1. genetically engineered viral genome that transfers a therapy gene

2. contains additional or altered DNA through gene targeting

3. useful for making conditional knockouts

4. can develop into any cell type

5. plant or animal that carries a transgene

6. causes crossovers at loxP sites

7. gene transferred by a scientist into an organism’s genome

8. vector of bacterial origin used for constructing transgenic plants

9. method of DNA transfer used for many vertebrates

10. endonuclease used for genome editing along with sgRNA

11. loss-of-function mutant through gene targeting

12. generate viral particles for gene therapy

Introduction:

When an extra or modified DNA is inserted in the genome of the mouse, the production of knockin mouse takes place.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Knockin mouse: Contains additional or altered DNA through gene targeting

Explanation of Solution

Knockin process refers to the genetic engineering process. In this process or technique, researchers incorporate a coding sequence of DNA into a specific chromosome locus.

Summary Introduction

j.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “Cre recombinase” among the options given below.

1. genetically engineered viral genome that transfers a therapy gene

2. contains additional or altered DNA through gene targeting

3. useful for making conditional knockouts

4. can develop into any cell type

5. plant or animal that carries a transgene

6. causes crossovers at loxP sites

7. gene transferred by a scientist into an organism’s genome

8. vector of bacterial origin used for constructing transgenic plants

9. method of DNA transfer used for many vertebrates

10. endonuclease used for genome editing along with sgRNA

11. loss-of-function mutant through gene targeting

12. generate viral particles for gene therapy

Introduction:

Crossovers at the sits of loxP are possible due to the cre recombinase.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Cre recombinase: Causes crossovers at loxP sites

Explanation of Solution

The Cre-Lox recombination is a specialized site-specific recombinase technology that is used for performing various knockouts, translocations, insertions, or inversions within a particular gene.

Summary Introduction

k.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “ES cells” among the options given below.

1. genetically engineered viral genome that transfers a therapy gene

2. contains additional or altered DNA through gene targeting

3. useful for making conditional knockouts

4. can develop into any cell type

5. plant or animal that carries a transgene

6. causes crossovers at loxP sites

7. gene transferred by a scientist into an organism’s genome

8. vector of bacterial origin used for constructing transgenic plants

9. method of DNA transfer used for many vertebrates

10. endonuclease used for genome editing along with sgRNA

11. loss-of-function mutant through gene targeting

12. generate viral particles for gene therapy

Introduction:

Embryonic stem cells are those that are utilized for the production of any types of cells.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

ES cells: Can develop into any cell type

Explanation of Solution

ES cells stand for embryonic stem cells. These cells are pluripotent and are able to develop into any kind of cell. These cells are particularly derived from the blastocyst's inner cell mass.

Summary Introduction

l.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “GM organism” among the options given below.

1. genetically engineered viral genome that transfers a therapy gene

2. contains additional or altered DNA through gene targeting

3. useful for making conditional knockouts

4. can develop into any cell type

5. plant or animal that carries a transgene

6. causes crossovers at loxP sites

7. gene transferred by a scientist into an organism’s genome

8. vector of bacterial origin used for constructing transgenic plants

9. method of DNA transfer used for many vertebrates

10. endonuclease used for genome editing along with sgRNA

11. loss-of-function mutant through gene targeting

12. generate viral particles for gene therapy

Introduction:

A cell either plant or animal cell that is formed due to insertion of specific transgene are referred to as transgene.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

GM organism: Plant or animal that carries a transgene

Explanation of Solution

Genetically modified organisms are those whose genome is edited by researchers by either insertion or deletion of specific gene of interest.