Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation:
Chemical equation for conversion of
Concept Introduction:
1. Nitrogen-containing base
2. Pentose sugar
3. Phosphate group
Examples of nucleosides are GTP and ATP. Nucleotide on hydrolysis releases energy by cleavage of phosphoanhydride bond. The reaction of hydrolysis of ATP is as follows:
(b)
Interpretation:
Whether energy is released or absorbed in formation of
Concept Introduction:
Refer to part (a).
(c)
Interpretation:
Whether reaction is energetically favorable or not in formation of
Concept Introduction:
Refer to part (a).
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solutionChapter 18 Solutions
Connect 1-Semester Online Access for Principles of General, Organic & Biochemistry
- From what you learned about monosaccharides in Chapter 20and phosphates in Chapter 23 : (a) Draw the structure of glucose 6-phosphate. (b) Using structures, write the equation for the hydrolysis of glucose 6-phosphate to glucose and HPO 42−.arrow_forwardMalate is converted to oxaloacetate by the enzyme malate dehydrogenase in the final reaction of the citrate cycle. This redox reaction results in the reduction of NAD+ to generate NADH + H+. Answer the three questions below and choose the correct answer. (a) Calculate the delta AE for the malate dehydrogenase reaction. (b) Calculate AG and determine if the conversion from malate to oxaloacetate is favorable under standard biochemical conditions using the information below. (c) Under cellular conditions is the AG favorable or unfavorable? Oxaloacetate + 2H* + 2e- --> Malate E° = -0.17 V NAD* + H+ + 2e- --> NADH E°' = -0.32 Varrow_forward(a) Are galactose and mannose constitutional isomers or stereoisomers? (b) Draw the structure of galactose 1-phosphate and mannose 6-phosphate. (c) Are these two phosphates constitutional isomers or stereoisomers?arrow_forward
- What is the product of the reaction when α-amylase acts on amylose? (A) amylose molecules (B) monosaccharide molecules (C) different-sized oligosaccharide fragments (D) different-sized polysaccharide fragmentsarrow_forwardGLYCOLYSIS: 1A) Starting with glucose (in the open-chain Fisher projection), draw out the molecular structures for each step of glycolysis. For each step, include the name of the enzyme that catalyzes the reaction. 1B) What is the net reaction of glycolysis? CITRIC ACID CYCLE: 2A) Starting with acetyl-coenzymeA and oxaloacetate, draw out the molecular structures for each step of the citric acid cycle. For each step, include the name of the enzyme that catalyzes the reaction. 2B) What is the net reaction of the citric acid cycle? What happens to each product? OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION: 3A) Thoroughly explain the biological significance of NADH/H* and FADH2 and their roles in oxidative phosphorylation. 3B) Describe and diagram the general pathway of the electrons from NADH/H+ and FADH₂ to O₂ during the electron transport chain. 3C) What is "chemiosmotic coupling", and what is its relationship to ATP synthesis? 3D) During oxidative phosphorylation, what is oxidized and what is…arrow_forward5) The conversion of dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate in glycolysis has a AG" value of 7.5 kJ/mol, so the reaction should be unfavorable. a) Calculate the equilibrium constant for the reaction, based on this AG" value and assuming a temperature of 37 °C. b) For this reaction to occur spontaneously in the cell, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (GAP) levels are kept low. What is the value of AG if the concentration of GAP is kept at 1/100 that of the DHAP. 6) Energy can be harnessed as electrons move from compounds with low reduction potential to those with a higher reduction potential. This happens many times in the electron transport chain, where O, ultimately accepts the electrons. Using Table 3.6, determine the AG" for the transfer of electrons from glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to produce H,0.arrow_forward
- In the citric acid cycle, a - ketoglutarate dehydrogenase catalyzes the reaction from a - ketoglutarate to Succinyl CoA. Given this reaction, calculate for the enthalpy of formation of the product using (a) Hess's Law, (b) standard enthalpies of formation and (c) mean bond enthalpies. Show your complete solution. COA-S OOC CH2 CH2 + NAD++ COA + CO2 + NADH CH2 a-ketoglutarate CH2 dehydrogenase COO a-ketoglutarate COO Succinyl CoAarrow_forwardWrite a balanced equation for the synthesis of sucrosefrom glucose and fructose.arrow_forward(i) Which one of the following is a disaccharide : Starch, Maltose, Fructose, Glucose?(ii) What is the difference between fibrous protein and globular protein?(iii) Write the name of vitamin whose deficiency causes bones deformities in children.arrow_forward
- The first step of the metabolic process known as glycolysis is the conversion of glucose to glucose- 6-phosphate. This process has a positive value for rG' Glucose + Pi Glucose-6-phosphate + H2O rG' = +13.8 kJ/mol-rxn This reaction is coupled to the hydrolysis of ATP ATP + H2O ADP + Pi rG' = -30.5 kJ/mol-rxn What is the sum of these two equations and the value of rG' for the coupled reaction? Is the coupled reaction product-favored at equilibrium?arrow_forwardWrite the products of oxidation of glucose with:(a) Bromine water (b) Nitric acidarrow_forward(i) Deficiency of which vitamin causes scurvy?(ii) What type of linkage is responsible for the formation of proteins?(iii) Write the product formed when glucose is treated with HI.arrow_forward
- Chemistry & Chemical ReactivityChemistryISBN:9781337399074Author:John C. Kotz, Paul M. Treichel, John Townsend, David TreichelPublisher:Cengage LearningChemistry & Chemical ReactivityChemistryISBN:9781133949640Author:John C. Kotz, Paul M. Treichel, John Townsend, David TreichelPublisher:Cengage LearningChemistry for Today: General, Organic, and Bioche...ChemistryISBN:9781305960060Author:Spencer L. Seager, Michael R. Slabaugh, Maren S. HansenPublisher:Cengage Learning
- Introduction to General, Organic and BiochemistryChemistryISBN:9781285869759Author:Frederick A. Bettelheim, William H. Brown, Mary K. Campbell, Shawn O. Farrell, Omar TorresPublisher:Cengage LearningChemistry: Matter and ChangeChemistryISBN:9780078746376Author:Dinah Zike, Laurel Dingrando, Nicholas Hainen, Cheryl WistromPublisher:Glencoe/McGraw-Hill School Pub CoChemistry In FocusChemistryISBN:9781305084476Author:Tro, Nivaldo J., Neu, Don.Publisher:Cengage Learning