Chapter 18, Problem 18.33P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Product formed when $\text{γ-}$ lactam is treated with the given reagent has to be shown.

Concept Introduction:

Ester Hydrolysis: Ester hydrolysis can be caused by acid and base.

Saponification: Ester hydrolysis taking place in presence of base such as $NaOH$ or $KOH$ is known as saponification. Ester reacts with hydroxide ion forming carboxylic acid which again reacts with base resulting in the formation of a caboxylate anion.

Acid-catalyzed hydrolysis: In presence of strong acid such as ${\text{H}}_{\text{2}}{\text{SO}}_{\text{4}}$, ester reacts with water to form the corresponding alcohol and carboxylic acid. It is the reverse of esterification.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Product formed when $\text{γ-}$ lactam is treated with the given reagent has to be shown.

Concept Introduction:

Ester Hydrolysis: Ester hydrolysis can be caused by acid and base.

Saponification: Ester hydrolysis taking place in presence of base such as $NaOH$ or $KOH$ is known as saponification. Ester reacts with hydroxide ion forming carboxylic acid which again reacts with base resulting in the formation of a caboxylate anion.

Acid-catalyzed hydrolysis: In presence of strong acid such as ${\text{H}}_{\text{2}}{\text{SO}}_{\text{4}}$, ester reacts with water to form the corresponding alcohol and carboxylic acid. It is the reverse of esterification.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Product formed when $\text{γ-}$ lactam is treated with the given reagent has to be shown.

Concept Introduction:

Reduction: Aldehydes or ketones undergoing reduction by using reducing agent like $LAHorNaB{H}_4$ which provides alcohol.

Reduction Reaction: Oxidation-reduction reaction is a type of chemical reaction that involves a transfer of electrons between two species. Removal of oxygen and addition of hydrogen is known as “reduction reaction”. Reduction of carboxylic acids with LAH, it gives the corresponding aldehydes.