The set of given processes has to be classified into spontaneous and non-spontaneous. Concept introduction: In thermodynamics a process is spontaneous if it is taking place by itself without the help of external energy. All spontaneous process will have highly energetic initial state than the final state. This indicates that while the process occurs, there is a decrease in free energy of the system. The increase in randomness also favours the spontaneity of a process. In non-spontaneous process, there is a requirement of external energy source. The free energy of the system increases. The entropy decreases in non-spontaneous process.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 18, Problem 18.2QP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The set of given processes has to be classified into spontaneous and non-spontaneous.

Concept introduction:

In thermodynamics a process is spontaneous if it is taking place by itself without the help of external energy. All spontaneous process will have highly energetic initial state than the final state. This indicates that while the process occurs, there is a decrease in free energy of the system. The increase in randomness also favours the spontaneity of a process.

In non-spontaneous process, there is a requirement of external energy source. The free energy of the system increases. The entropy decreases in non-spontaneous process.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The set of given processes has to be classified into spontaneous and non-spontaneous.

Concept introduction:

In thermodynamics a process is spontaneous if it is taking place by itself without the help of external energy. All spontaneous process will have highly energetic initial state than the final state. This indicates that while the process occurs, there is a decrease in free energy of the system. The increase in randomness also favours the spontaneity of a process.

In non-spontaneous process, there is a requirement of external energy source. The free energy of the system increases. The entropy decreases in non-spontaneous process.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The set of given processes has to be classified into spontaneous and non-spontaneous.

Concept introduction:

In thermodynamics a process is spontaneous if it is taking place by itself without the help of external energy. All spontaneous process will have highly energetic initial state than the final state. This indicates that while the process occurs, there is a decrease in free energy of the system. The increase in randomness also favours the spontaneity of a process.

In non-spontaneous process, there is a requirement of external energy source. The free energy of the system increases. The entropy decreases in non-spontaneous process.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The set of given processes has to be classified into spontaneous and non-spontaneous.

Concept introduction:

In thermodynamics a process is spontaneous if it is taking place by itself without the help of external energy. All spontaneous process will have highly energetic initial state than the final state. This indicates that while the process occurs, there is a decrease in free energy of the system. The increase in randomness also favours the spontaneity of a process.

In non-spontaneous process, there is a requirement of external energy source. The free energy of the system increases. The entropy decreases in non-spontaneous process.

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Answer 2

Question

Chapter 18, Problem 18.2QP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The set of given processes has to be classified into spontaneous and non-spontaneous.

Concept introduction:

In thermodynamics a process is spontaneous if it is taking place by itself without the help of external energy. All spontaneous process will have highly energetic initial state than the final state. This indicates that while the process occurs, there is a decrease in free energy of the system. The increase in randomness also favours the spontaneity of a process.

In non-spontaneous process, there is a requirement of external energy source. The free energy of the system increases. The entropy decreases in non-spontaneous process.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The set of given processes has to be classified into spontaneous and non-spontaneous.

Concept introduction:

In thermodynamics a process is spontaneous if it is taking place by itself without the help of external energy. All spontaneous process will have highly energetic initial state than the final state. This indicates that while the process occurs, there is a decrease in free energy of the system. The increase in randomness also favours the spontaneity of a process.

In non-spontaneous process, there is a requirement of external energy source. The free energy of the system increases. The entropy decreases in non-spontaneous process.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The set of given processes has to be classified into spontaneous and non-spontaneous.

Concept introduction:

In thermodynamics a process is spontaneous if it is taking place by itself without the help of external energy. All spontaneous process will have highly energetic initial state than the final state. This indicates that while the process occurs, there is a decrease in free energy of the system. The increase in randomness also favours the spontaneity of a process.

In non-spontaneous process, there is a requirement of external energy source. The free energy of the system increases. The entropy decreases in non-spontaneous process.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The set of given processes has to be classified into spontaneous and non-spontaneous.

Concept introduction:

In thermodynamics a process is spontaneous if it is taking place by itself without the help of external energy. All spontaneous process will have highly energetic initial state than the final state. This indicates that while the process occurs, there is a decrease in free energy of the system. The increase in randomness also favours the spontaneity of a process.

In non-spontaneous process, there is a requirement of external energy source. The free energy of the system increases. The entropy decreases in non-spontaneous process.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 18, Problem 18.2QP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The set of given processes has to be classified into spontaneous and non-spontaneous.

Concept introduction:

In thermodynamics a process is spontaneous if it is taking place by itself without the help of external energy. All spontaneous process will have highly energetic initial state than the final state. This indicates that while the process occurs, there is a decrease in free energy of the system. The increase in randomness also favours the spontaneity of a process.

In non-spontaneous process, there is a requirement of external energy source. The free energy of the system increases. The entropy decreases in non-spontaneous process.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The set of given processes has to be classified into spontaneous and non-spontaneous.

Concept introduction:

In thermodynamics a process is spontaneous if it is taking place by itself without the help of external energy. All spontaneous process will have highly energetic initial state than the final state. This indicates that while the process occurs, there is a decrease in free energy of the system. The increase in randomness also favours the spontaneity of a process.

In non-spontaneous process, there is a requirement of external energy source. The free energy of the system increases. The entropy decreases in non-spontaneous process.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The set of given processes has to be classified into spontaneous and non-spontaneous.

Concept introduction:

In thermodynamics a process is spontaneous if it is taking place by itself without the help of external energy. All spontaneous process will have highly energetic initial state than the final state. This indicates that while the process occurs, there is a decrease in free energy of the system. The increase in randomness also favours the spontaneity of a process.

In non-spontaneous process, there is a requirement of external energy source. The free energy of the system increases. The entropy decreases in non-spontaneous process.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The set of given processes has to be classified into spontaneous and non-spontaneous.

Concept introduction:

In thermodynamics a process is spontaneous if it is taking place by itself without the help of external energy. All spontaneous process will have highly energetic initial state than the final state. This indicates that while the process occurs, there is a decrease in free energy of the system. The increase in randomness also favours the spontaneity of a process.

In non-spontaneous process, there is a requirement of external energy source. The free energy of the system increases. The entropy decreases in non-spontaneous process.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 18, Problem 18.2QP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The set of given processes has to be classified into spontaneous and non-spontaneous.

Concept introduction:

In thermodynamics a process is spontaneous if it is taking place by itself without the help of external energy. All spontaneous process will have highly energetic initial state than the final state. This indicates that while the process occurs, there is a decrease in free energy of the system. The increase in randomness also favours the spontaneity of a process.

In non-spontaneous process, there is a requirement of external energy source. The free energy of the system increases. The entropy decreases in non-spontaneous process.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The set of given processes has to be classified into spontaneous and non-spontaneous.

Concept introduction:

In thermodynamics a process is spontaneous if it is taking place by itself without the help of external energy. All spontaneous process will have highly energetic initial state than the final state. This indicates that while the process occurs, there is a decrease in free energy of the system. The increase in randomness also favours the spontaneity of a process.

In non-spontaneous process, there is a requirement of external energy source. The free energy of the system increases. The entropy decreases in non-spontaneous process.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The set of given processes has to be classified into spontaneous and non-spontaneous.

Concept introduction:

In thermodynamics a process is spontaneous if it is taking place by itself without the help of external energy. All spontaneous process will have highly energetic initial state than the final state. This indicates that while the process occurs, there is a decrease in free energy of the system. The increase in randomness also favours the spontaneity of a process.

In non-spontaneous process, there is a requirement of external energy source. The free energy of the system increases. The entropy decreases in non-spontaneous process.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The set of given processes has to be classified into spontaneous and non-spontaneous.

Concept introduction:

In thermodynamics a process is spontaneous if it is taking place by itself without the help of external energy. All spontaneous process will have highly energetic initial state than the final state. This indicates that while the process occurs, there is a decrease in free energy of the system. The increase in randomness also favours the spontaneity of a process.

In non-spontaneous process, there is a requirement of external energy source. The free energy of the system increases. The entropy decreases in non-spontaneous process.

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Answer 5

Chapter 18, Problem 18.2QP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The set of given processes has to be classified into spontaneous and non-spontaneous.

Concept introduction:

In thermodynamics a process is spontaneous if it is taking place by itself without the help of external energy. All spontaneous process will have highly energetic initial state than the final state. This indicates that while the process occurs, there is a decrease in free energy of the system. The increase in randomness also favours the spontaneity of a process.

In non-spontaneous process, there is a requirement of external energy source. The free energy of the system increases. The entropy decreases in non-spontaneous process.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The set of given processes has to be classified into spontaneous and non-spontaneous.

Concept introduction:

In thermodynamics a process is spontaneous if it is taking place by itself without the help of external energy. All spontaneous process will have highly energetic initial state than the final state. This indicates that while the process occurs, there is a decrease in free energy of the system. The increase in randomness also favours the spontaneity of a process.

In non-spontaneous process, there is a requirement of external energy source. The free energy of the system increases. The entropy decreases in non-spontaneous process.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The set of given processes has to be classified into spontaneous and non-spontaneous.

Concept introduction:

In thermodynamics a process is spontaneous if it is taking place by itself without the help of external energy. All spontaneous process will have highly energetic initial state than the final state. This indicates that while the process occurs, there is a decrease in free energy of the system. The increase in randomness also favours the spontaneity of a process.

In non-spontaneous process, there is a requirement of external energy source. The free energy of the system increases. The entropy decreases in non-spontaneous process.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The set of given processes has to be classified into spontaneous and non-spontaneous.

Concept introduction:

In thermodynamics a process is spontaneous if it is taking place by itself without the help of external energy. All spontaneous process will have highly energetic initial state than the final state. This indicates that while the process occurs, there is a decrease in free energy of the system. The increase in randomness also favours the spontaneity of a process.

In non-spontaneous process, there is a requirement of external energy source. The free energy of the system increases. The entropy decreases in non-spontaneous process.

Answer 6

Chapter 18, Problem 18.2QP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The set of given processes has to be classified into spontaneous and non-spontaneous.

Concept introduction:

In thermodynamics a process is spontaneous if it is taking place by itself without the help of external energy. All spontaneous process will have highly energetic initial state than the final state. This indicates that while the process occurs, there is a decrease in free energy of the system. The increase in randomness also favours the spontaneity of a process.

In non-spontaneous process, there is a requirement of external energy source. The free energy of the system increases. The entropy decreases in non-spontaneous process.

Answer 7

Chapter 18, Problem 18.2QP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The set of given processes has to be classified into spontaneous and non-spontaneous.

Concept introduction:

In thermodynamics a process is spontaneous if it is taking place by itself without the help of external energy. All spontaneous process will have highly energetic initial state than the final state. This indicates that while the process occurs, there is a decrease in free energy of the system. The increase in randomness also favours the spontaneity of a process.

In non-spontaneous process, there is a requirement of external energy source. The free energy of the system increases. The entropy decreases in non-spontaneous process.

Answer 8

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The set of given processes has to be classified into spontaneous and non-spontaneous.

Concept introduction:

In thermodynamics a process is spontaneous if it is taking place by itself without the help of external energy. All spontaneous process will have highly energetic initial state than the final state. This indicates that while the process occurs, there is a decrease in free energy of the system. The increase in randomness also favours the spontaneity of a process.

In non-spontaneous process, there is a requirement of external energy source. The free energy of the system increases. The entropy decreases in non-spontaneous process.

Answer 9

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The set of given processes has to be classified into spontaneous and non-spontaneous.

Concept introduction:

In thermodynamics a process is spontaneous if it is taking place by itself without the help of external energy. All spontaneous process will have highly energetic initial state than the final state. This indicates that while the process occurs, there is a decrease in free energy of the system. The increase in randomness also favours the spontaneity of a process.

In non-spontaneous process, there is a requirement of external energy source. The free energy of the system increases. The entropy decreases in non-spontaneous process.

Answer 10

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The set of given processes has to be classified into spontaneous and non-spontaneous.

Concept introduction:

In thermodynamics a process is spontaneous if it is taking place by itself without the help of external energy. All spontaneous process will have highly energetic initial state than the final state. This indicates that while the process occurs, there is a decrease in free energy of the system. The increase in randomness also favours the spontaneity of a process.

In non-spontaneous process, there is a requirement of external energy source. The free energy of the system increases. The entropy decreases in non-spontaneous process.

Answer 11

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The set of given processes has to be classified into spontaneous and non-spontaneous.

Concept introduction:

In thermodynamics a process is spontaneous if it is taking place by itself without the help of external energy. All spontaneous process will have highly energetic initial state than the final state. This indicates that while the process occurs, there is a decrease in free energy of the system. The increase in randomness also favours the spontaneity of a process.

In non-spontaneous process, there is a requirement of external energy source. The free energy of the system increases. The entropy decreases in non-spontaneous process.

Answer 12

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The set of given processes has to be classified into spontaneous and non-spontaneous.

Concept introduction:

In thermodynamics a process is spontaneous if it is taking place by itself without the help of external energy. All spontaneous process will have highly energetic initial state than the final state. This indicates that while the process occurs, there is a decrease in free energy of the system. The increase in randomness also favours the spontaneity of a process.

In non-spontaneous process, there is a requirement of external energy source. The free energy of the system increases. The entropy decreases in non-spontaneous process.

Answer 13

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The set of given processes has to be classified into spontaneous and non-spontaneous.

Concept introduction:

In thermodynamics a process is spontaneous if it is taking place by itself without the help of external energy. All spontaneous process will have highly energetic initial state than the final state. This indicates that while the process occurs, there is a decrease in free energy of the system. The increase in randomness also favours the spontaneity of a process.

In non-spontaneous process, there is a requirement of external energy source. The free energy of the system increases. The entropy decreases in non-spontaneous process.

Answer 14

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Answer 15

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Answer 16

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Answer 17

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