Chapter 18, Problem 18.18P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Strong or weak acid or base has to be classified for the given ${\text{HOCH}}_{\text{2}}{\text{CH}}_2{\text{NH}}_2$ compound.

Concept introduction:

Increasing acid strength:

Acids strength is mainly depending on the dissociation of ions, strong acids dissociates completely and weak acid dissociate slightly.

The hydrohalic acids are strong acids ($\text{HCl, HBr, and HI}$) other than ($\text{HF}$).

Oxoacids are strong acid when the number of oxygen excess than the ionizable proton by two or more oxygen atom for example, ${\text{HNO}}_{\text{3}}{\text{, H}}_{\text{2}}{\text{SO}}_{\text{4}}{\text{, and HClO}}_{\text{4}}$.

The hydrogen atom which is not bonded to halogen atom or oxygen atoms are weak acid for example ${\text{HCN, H}}_{\text{2}}\text{S}\text{.}$

The number of protons is equal to number oxygen in Oxoacids are weak acid for example ${\text{ HClO, HNO}}_{\text{2}}{\text{, and H}}_{\text{3}}{\text{PO}}_{\text{4}}$. In general, carboxylic acids are weak acid ($\text{RCOOH}$).

The acid strength is depending on the ${\text{K}}_{\text{a}}$ value, if the ${\text{K}}_{\text{a}}$ value is larger the stronger the acid. 

Increasing base strength:

The base soluble in water and it contains ${\text{O}}^{\text{2-}}{\text{ or OH}}^{\text{- }}$ is called Strong bases. In general, Metal oxides and metal hydroxides are more basic compound.

$\begin{array}{l}{\text{M}}_{\text{2}}\text{O or MOH, where M = Group 1A (1) metal (Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs) }\\ {\text{MO or M(OH)}}_{\text{2}}\text{, where M = Group 2A (2) metal (Ca, Sr, Ba) }\end{array}$

Weak bases are ${\text{NH}}_{\text{3}}$ and amines because they contain electron rich nitrogen atom

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Strong or weak acid or base has to be classified for the given ${\text{H}}_{\text{2}}{\text{SeO}}_{\text{4}}$ compound.

Concept introduction:

Increasing acid strength:

Acids strength is mainly depending on the dissociation of ions, strong acids dissociates completely and weak acid dissociate slightly.

The hydrohalic acids are strong acids ($\text{HCl, HBr, and HI}$) other than ($\text{HF}$).

Oxoacids are strong acid when the number of oxygen excess than the ionizable proton by two or more oxygen atom for example, ${\text{HNO}}_{\text{3}}{\text{, H}}_{\text{2}}{\text{SO}}_{\text{4}}{\text{, and HClO}}_{\text{4}}$.

The hydrogen atom which is not bonded to halogen atom or oxygen atoms are weak acid for example ${\text{HCN, H}}_{\text{2}}\text{S}\text{.}$

The number of protons is equal to number oxygen in Oxoacids are weak acid for example ${\text{ HClO, HNO}}_{\text{2}}{\text{, and H}}_{\text{3}}{\text{PO}}_{\text{4}}$. In general, carboxylic acids are weak acid ($\text{RCOOH}$).

The acid strength is depending on the ${\text{K}}_{\text{a}}$ value, if the ${\text{K}}_{\text{a}}$ value is larger the stronger the acid. 

Increasing base strength:

The base soluble in water and it contains ${\text{O}}^{\text{2-}}{\text{ or OH}}^{\text{- }}$ is called Strong bases. In general, Metal oxides and metal hydroxides are more basic compound.

$\begin{array}{l}{\text{M}}_{\text{2}}\text{O or MOH, where M = Group 1A (1) metal (Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs) }\\ {\text{MO or M(OH)}}_{\text{2}}\text{, where M = Group 2A (2) metal (Ca, Sr, Ba) }\end{array}$

Weak bases are ${\text{NH}}_{\text{3}}$ and amines because they contain electron rich nitrogen atom

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Strong or weak acid or base has to be classified for the given ${\text{HS}}^{-}$ compound.

Concept introduction:

Increasing acid strength:

Acids strength is mainly depending on the dissociation of ions, strong acids dissociates completely and weak acid dissociate slightly.

The hydrohalic acids are strong acids ($\text{HCl, HBr, and HI}$) other than ($\text{HF}$).

Oxoacids are strong acid when the number of oxygen excess than the ionizable proton by two or more oxygen atom for example, ${\text{HNO}}_{\text{3}}{\text{, H}}_{\text{2}}{\text{SO}}_{\text{4}}{\text{, and HClO}}_{\text{4}}$.

The hydrogen atom which is not bonded to halogen atom or oxygen atoms are weak acid for example ${\text{HCN, H}}_{\text{2}}\text{S}\text{.}$

The number of protons is equal to number oxygen in Oxoacids are weak acid for example ${\text{ HClO, HNO}}_{\text{2}}{\text{, and H}}_{\text{3}}{\text{PO}}_{\text{4}}$. In general, carboxylic acids are weak acid ($\text{RCOOH}$).

The acid strength is depending on the ${\text{K}}_{\text{a}}$ value, if the ${\text{K}}_{\text{a}}$ value is larger the stronger the acid. 

Increasing base strength:

The base soluble in water and it contains ${\text{O}}^{\text{2-}}{\text{ or OH}}^{\text{- }}$ is called Strong bases. In general, Metal oxides and metal hydroxides are more basic compound.

$\begin{array}{l}{\text{M}}_{\text{2}}\text{O or MOH, where M = Group 1A (1) metal (Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs) }\\ {\text{MO or M(OH)}}_{\text{2}}\text{, where M = Group 2A (2) metal (Ca, Sr, Ba) }\end{array}$

Weak bases are ${\text{NH}}_{\text{3}}$ and amines because they contain electron rich nitrogen atom

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Strong or weak acid or base has to be classified for the given ${\text{B(OH)}}_{\text{3}}$ compound.

Concept introduction:

Increasing acid strength:

Acids strength is mainly depending on the dissociation of ions, strong acids dissociates completely and weak acid dissociate slightly.

The hydrohalic acids are strong acids ($\text{HCl, HBr, and HI}$) other than ($\text{HF}$).

Oxoacids are strong acid when the number of oxygen excess than the ionizable proton by two or more oxygen atom for example, ${\text{HNO}}_{\text{3}}{\text{, H}}_{\text{2}}{\text{SO}}_{\text{4}}{\text{, and HClO}}_{\text{4}}$.

The hydrogen atom which is not bonded to halogen atom or oxygen atoms are weak acid for example ${\text{HCN, H}}_{\text{2}}\text{S}\text{.}$

The number of protons is equal to number oxygen in Oxoacids are weak acid for example ${\text{ HClO, HNO}}_{\text{2}}{\text{, and H}}_{\text{3}}{\text{PO}}_{\text{4}}$. In general, carboxylic acids are weak acid ($\text{RCOOH}$).

The acid strength is depending on the ${\text{K}}_{\text{a}}$ value, if the ${\text{K}}_{\text{a}}$ value is larger the stronger the acid. 

Increasing base strength:

The base soluble in water and it contains ${\text{O}}^{\text{2-}}{\text{ or OH}}^{\text{- }}$ is called Strong bases. In general, Metal oxides and metal hydroxides are more basic compound.

$\begin{array}{l}{\text{M}}_{\text{2}}\text{O or MOH, where M = Group 1A (1) metal (Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs) }\\ {\text{MO or M(OH)}}_{\text{2}}\text{, where M = Group 2A (2) metal (Ca, Sr, Ba) }\end{array}$

Weak bases are ${\text{NH}}_{\text{3}}$ and amines because they contain electron rich nitrogen atom