Chapter 18, Problem 18.111SP

Urea ${\text{(NH}}_{\text{2}}{\text{CONH}}_{\text{2}}\text{)}$ , an important nitrogen fertilizer, is produced industrially by the reaction

   ${\text{2NH}}_{\text{3}}\text{(g)}+{\text{CO}}_{\text{2}}(g)\to {\text{NH}}_{\text{2}}{\text{CONH}}_{\text{2}}\text{(aq)+H2O(l)}$

Given that $\Delta {\text{G}}^{\text{o}}=-13.6\text{kJ}$ , calculate $\Delta \text{G}$ at ${\text{25}}^{\text{o}}\text{C}$ for the following sets of conditions.

1. 10 atm ${\text{NH}}_{\text{3}}$ , 10 atm ${\text{CO}}_{\text{2}}$ , 1.0 M ${\text{NH}}_{\text{2}}{\text{CONH}}_{\text{2}}$
2. 0.10 atm ${\text{NH}}_{\text{3}}$ , 0.10 atm ${\text{CO}}_{\text{2}}$ , 1.0 M ${\text{NH}}_{\text{2}}{\text{CONH}}_{\text{2}}$

Is the reaction spontaneous for the conditions in part (a) and/or part (b)?