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Concept explainers
Using the phylogenetic tree in Figure 17.1 as a guide, discuss what indicates that bacteriorhodopsin may have been a late evolutionary invention and that anaerobic respiration with S0 as electron acceptor might have been an early evolutionary invention.
Figure 17.1 Schematic representation of the phylogeny of the major taxonomic orders within the domain Archaea. Each of the five archaeal phyla and their major orders are indicated in a different color.
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The term phylogeny is defined as the history of evolution or descent of pattern of a group of organisms from their ancestors. A branching diagram known as cladogram or a phylogenetic tree conceptually represents the phylogeny. The branch that deals with systematics inferring phylogeny are known as phylogenetic systematics or cladistics. The primary goal of phylogenetic systematics is to pattern the descent of a group of organisms. The phylogenetic systematics have the main goal to determine the life history of descent. The phylogenetic systematics are represented as branching pattern and can be determined through the analysis of characters of living or fossil organisms according to phylogenetic principles and methodology.
Explanation of Solution
In the figure, Archaea shows extensive phenotypic diversity. Archaea mainly constitutes of chemoorganotrophic or chemolithotrophic organisms. With respect to evolutionary aspect, Archaea is divided into two main phyla: Crenarchaeota and Euryarchaeota. Crenarchaeota includes mainly hyperthermophiles. Euryarchaeota is physiologically diverse group and many of the organisms are found in extreme environmental conditions. Methanogens and extremely halophilic organisms are included in this phylum. This phylum also includes hyperthermophiles. In Eurychaeota phylum it is observed that Halobacterium which consists bacteriorhodopsin appears very late on the phylogenetic tree justifying late invention of bacteriorhodopsin. Bacteriorhodopsin helps in ATP production in Halobacterium salinarum.
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Chapter 17 Solutions
Brock Biology of Microorganisms (15th Edition)
- The Archaeal glycerol stoichiometry is different from the Bacteria and Eukarya. This may suggest that: * Archaea use entirely different enzymes for synthesizing phospholipids Archaean membranes are protected from leaking at high temperatures. Archaean membranes can survive extreme temperatures Archean membranes are not weakened by very acidic or alkaline environments The aim of the supergroup system of classification is to: unite the microbial and macroscopic eukaryotes based on phylogenetic inference reflect the differences between the three domain system based on their 16S rRNA sequences distinguish the clade of the Prokaryotes from the Eukaryotes show the phylogenetic relationships of the different Eukaryotic groups based on molecular dataarrow_forwardDoes the following phylogenetic tree provide evidence to support or refute the endosymbiosis hypothesis? Briefly explain your choice (1-2 sentences) Bacteria a-Proteobacteria Mitochondria Archaea Eukarya Excavata Discicristata Alveolata Stramenopila Rhizaria Plantae Opisthokonta Amoebozoaarrow_forwardBased on figure 17, to whom are archaeans more closely related: bacteria or eukaryotes?arrow_forward
- All of the following statements are true about the3-domain classification system EXCEPT:(a) The three domains are Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.(b) Lateral gene transfer has forced us to rethink our do-main model from a “tree of life” to a “shrub of life.”(c) Domains are higher than the category of kingdoms.(d) Compared to Bacteria, Archaea inhabit the same en-virons and have the same amount of peptidoglycan intheir cell walls.(e) All of the above are true.arrow_forwardDistinguish between the main groups of archaea and identify specific types of archaea belonging to each grouparrow_forwardThere are three main ways that bacteria and archaea are essential to eukaryotic life. Explain the three different ways and give at least one example of each.arrow_forward
- Consider the fact that the use of 16S rRNA sequencing as a taxonomic and phylogenetic tool has resulted in tripling the number of bacterial phyla. Why has the advent of this genetic technique expanded the currently accepted number of microbial phyla?arrow_forwardMulticellular organisms with a true nucleus, histone proteins, ester-linked fatty acids in their cellmembranes, opisthokont ancestry, and chitin cell walls, are most likely to be:A. members of kingdom ArchaeobacteriaB. members of kingdom EubacteriaC. members of kingdom AnimaliaD. members of kingdom PlantaeE. members of kingdom Fungarrow_forwardArchaea and Eukaryotes are more closely related to each other than Eubacteria and Archaea are.arrow_forward
- . The endosymbiotic hypothesis for the origin of mitochondria from gram-negative prokaryotes is supported by all of the following lines of evidence except: A. the presence of enzymes for the Krebs cycle, electron transport, and oxidative phosphorylation the presence of mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA similar to that of the a-proteobacteria the presence of 80s ribosomes, consisting of 40s and 60s ribosomal subunits the presence of circular DNA resembling that of aerobic proteobacteria their use of binary fission rather than mitosis during cell divisionarrow_forwardDescribe the relationship between the original bacteria kingdom called monera and the domain called bacteria.arrow_forwardWhich of the following prokaryotes has a relatively large surface-to-volume ratio for rapid gas exchange, despite having one of the largest cytoplasmic volumes of any known eubacterial cell? the archaeobacterium Halobacterium halobium the archaeobacterium Nanoarchaeum equitans the eubacterium Rhodopseudomonas viridis the eubacterium Epulopiscium fishelsoni the eubacterium Escherichia coliarrow_forward
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