The reason for the introduction of an acetal group, mechanism of its synthesis and hydrolysis, conversion of an aldehyde to alcohol in an acidic medium, mechanism of phenyl hydrazone synthesis, and lactone synthesis are to be discussed. Concept introduction: Acetals are the functional moieties in which a carbon atom is bonded to two oxygen atoms which are then bonded to alkyl chains. These are formed when alcohols react with carbonyl compounds or dihydropyran in an acidic medium or a basic medium. The acetal can be cleaved in an acidic medium to get back a carbonyl compound and an alcohol. Carboxylic acids undergo reduction in the presence of sodium amalgam, to form alcohols. Carbonyl compounds are nucleophilic in nature and undergo an addition reaction with amine derivatives like phenyl hydrazine, to form a carbon–nitrogen double bond. Treatment of epoxides with Grignard reagent can form primary alcohols.

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Chapter 16, Problem LGP

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The reason for the introduction of an acetal group, mechanism of its synthesis and hydrolysis, conversion of an aldehyde to alcohol in an acidic medium, mechanism of phenyl hydrazone synthesis, and lactone synthesis are to be discussed.

Concept introduction:

Acetals are the functional moieties in which a carbon atom is bonded to two oxygen atoms which are then bonded to alkyl chains. These are formed when alcohols react with carbonyl compounds or dihydropyran in an acidic medium or a basic medium. The acetal can be cleaved in an acidic medium to get back a carbonyl compound and an alcohol.

Carboxylic acids undergo reduction in the presence of sodium amalgam, to form alcohols.

Carbonyl compounds are nucleophilic in nature and undergo an addition reaction with amine derivatives like phenyl hydrazine, to form a carbon–nitrogen double bond.

Treatment of epoxides with Grignard reagent can form primary alcohols.

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