ETEXT CAMPBELL BIOLOGY IN FOCUS INSTANT
3rd Edition
ISBN: 9780135964422
Author: Urry
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 16, Problem 8TYU
FOCUS ON ORGANIZA-ION
The property of life emerges at the biological level of the cell. The highly regulated process of apoptosis is not simply the destruction of a cell; it is also an emergent property. In a short essay (about 100‒150 words), briefly explain the role of apoptosis in the development and proper functioning of an animal and describe how this form of programmed cell death is a process that emerges from the orderly integration of signaling pathways.
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Chapter 16 Solutions
ETEXT CAMPBELL BIOLOGY IN FOCUS INSTANT
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- Illustrate a complete cell signaling cascade from signal to response. Each protein in the pathways must be shown. You can choose either a GPCR or an RTK mediated pathway.arrow_forwardRAS is a signal transducer that acts as a switch for turning on cell division. Drag the descriptions below to their proper places on the figure to show the sequence of events. When growth factor binds to the receptor, the intracellular domain activates RAS by facilitating exchange of GDP for GTP. When no growth factor is bound to the extracellular receptor, RAS is bound to GDP and is inactive. RAS activates the first of three sequential kinase proteins termed the MAP kinase cascade. Cell proliferation proceeds as the machinery for cell division is set in motion. The end result of the MAP kinase cascade is activation of a transcription factor. Receptor 1 Ras GDP 2 4 5 Growth factor Ras GTParrow_forward27) Fill in the blanks Cells adjacent to one another frequently communicate through Other forms of cell-cell communication through In extracellular signaling ligand-receptor interaction induce; 28) Cell-to-cell communication by extracellular signaling usually involves six steps , sort the below given steps according to happening order; Removal of the signal, which usually terminates the cellular response – degradation of ligand- A change in cellular metabolism, function, or development CELLULAR RESPONSE triggered by the receptor-ligand complex – specific to the ligand-receptor complex Release of the signaling molecule by the signaling cell Transport of the signal to the target cell Synthesis of the signaling molecule by the signaling cell Detection of the signal by a specific receptor protein (receptor-ligand specificity 29) Polyethylene can be obtained in two different forms. High-density polyethylene (0.94 g/cm3) is a linear polymer. Low-density polyethylene (0.92 g/cm3) is a…arrow_forward
- part 3 of 3: along with how it is being transported or further processed until it reaches its final destination Protein: B-hexoaminidase Location: Lysosomearrow_forwardcompare and contrast how GPCRs and RTKs transduce their signal to the cell? include the types of ligands they bind, the GTP binding protein that is activated, and how the signal is transduced and amplified. what effects does it have on the cell?arrow_forwardIn a cell that is signaled to undergo apoptosis, the caspase cascade is initiated ("turned ON") by promoting transcription of caspase MRNA in the nucleus. proteolytic cleavage of a procaspase. O phosphorylation of a caspase. O release of caspase from the mitochondria.arrow_forward
- To examine: whether the statement “in the regulation of molecular switches, protein kinases and guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFS) always turn proteins on, whereas protein phosphatases and GTPase-activating proteins (GAPS) always turn proteins off" is true or false.arrow_forwardPart 1 of 2: Starting from the mRNA that is produced and released into the cytosol, describe in detail how the protein is translated and where this occurs Protein : B-hexoaminidase Location: Lysosomearrow_forwardA cell is actively undergoing cell signaling. Random cytoplasm samples are taken at 10 ms intervals and their contents have all proteins inactivated. The samples are stained for phosphates attached to proteins. What pattern would you observe? Proteins maintain their phosphates throughout all of the samples There is a cycle of phosphorylation and dephosphorylation that occurs at regular intervals Proteins maintain a lack of phosphates throughout all of the samples Proteins start off being phosphorylated and then lose the phosphatesarrow_forward
- Mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a protein kinase that is a central regulator of cell division and cellular metabolism. Activated mTOR phosphorylates several protein targets, this activates pathways that lead to increased energy utilization, increased cell division and decreased apoptosis (cell death). Over-activation of mTOR is associated with several types of human cancer. In healthy cells, signaling downstream of growth factor receptors leads to the activation of PI3 kinase (PI3K), which phosphorylates lipid targets such as PIP2, forming PIP3. These lipids recruit a kinase called AKT to the cell membrane, where it is phosphorylated and activated. In turn, AKT phosphorylates and inactivates PRAS40. PRAS40 is normally bound to mTOR, inhibiting its activity. Thus, inactivation of PRAS40 activates mTOR. A schematic of this signaling pathway is shown below. Which of the following mutations is most likely to increase activation of mTOR? a mutation that decreases the activity of…arrow_forwardPart 2 of 3: Additionally, describe how the protein is being processed and where Protein: B-hexoaminidase Location: Lysosomearrow_forwardurgntarrow_forward
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