In a cell that is signaled to undergo apoptosis, the caspase cascade is initiated ("turned ON") by promoting transcription of caspase mRNA in the nucleus. proteolytic cleavage of a procaspase. O phosphorylation of a caspase. release of caspase from the mitochondria.
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![In a cell that is signaled to undergo apoptosis, the caspase cascade is initiated
("turned ON") by
promoting transcription of caspase MRNA in the nucleus.
proteolytic cleavage of a procaspase.
O phosphorylation of a caspase.
O release of caspase from the mitochondria.](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2F2544f974-37a4-4822-9653-2ac3a0bc7ae7%2Fe09aae4f-a505-4b8e-a462-ab0e8ddfce23%2F0dgal19_processed.jpeg&w=3840&q=75)
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- Cytokine receptors and tyrosine kinase receptors are similar in all of the following ways EXCEPT one. Which one is the exception? O They are both down-regulated by lysosomal degradation They both involve receptor exoplasmic domain dimerization They both result in an effector protein entering the nucleus O They both involve cytosolic domain phosphorylationStimulation of map kinase can help regulate cell division and cell mass. the following effects of map kinase activation explains an increase in cell mass. Phosphorylation of RSK (kinase and the subsequent phosphorylation of S6 ribosomal subunit. Phosphorylation of myosin light chain Phosphorylation of glyceraldehyde dehydrogenase phosphorylation of histone H1 none of theseAutophagy is an évolutionary conserved catabolic process devoted to the degradation of intracellular components. Which of the following would you observe during autophagy? Select all that apply MTOR inhibition through phosphorylation and activation of TSC proteins MTOR activation and phosphorylation of downstream target proteins Increased expression of Rab7 which mediates lysosomal fusion Acute inflammatory response
- You have discovered two new inhibitors that inhibit enzymes involved in the pathway shown below. Both inhibitors are newly identified proteins. You know that one of these proteins is a noncompetitive inhibitor of the G1/S-cyclin dependent kinase (G1/S-Cdk). Another protein is a competitive inhibitor of the phosphatase (ie. a regulatory enzyme) that removes phosphates from phosphorylated Rb. mitogen activated mitogen receptor intracellular signaling pathway activated G,-Cdk and G,/S-čdk inactivated Rb protein active Rb protein inactivated transcription regulator active transcription regulator PHOSPHORYLATION OF Rb TRANSCRIPTION TRANSLATION CELL PROLIFERATION 1. What effect would the noncompetitive inhibitor of the G1/S-Cdk complex have on the Rb protein in the pathway shown above? And what effect would that have on the final outcome for these cells? 2. What effect would the competitive inhibitor of the phosphatase that acts on phosphorylated Rb have on the final outcome for these cells?…If you wanted to engineer the initiator caspase from the Fas/FasL extrinsic apoptosis pathway to function in the intrinsic pathway (e.g. in response to DNA damage), which of the following would be the most likely approach to succeed? O Replace the extrinsic pathway's initiator caspase Death Effector Domain with a CARD domain O Replace the Fas Death Domain with a cytochrome C binding domain O Generate a version of the Fas receptor that localizes to the mitochondrial intermembrane space 80 O Replace the intrinsic pathway's initiator caspase CARD domain with a Death Effector Domain F3 0 $ 4 DOD DOO R F4 S % 5 T No new data to save. Last checked at 3:01pm Submit Qu B4 ♫ 8 tv A F5 < 6 MacBook Air F6 Y & 7 F7 * 8 X F8 ( 9Which describes an enzymatic activity/biochemical function of importin-beta? facilitate release of nuclear proteins after transport through the nuclear pore complex interact with/bind to nuclear localization sequences INLSs) interact with/bind to importin-alpha hydrolyze GTP to GDP + Pi
- Caspase proteins are enzymes known to play a role in programmed cell death (apoptosis) and the inflammatory response. Apoptotic caspases are subcategorized into initiator and executioner caspases. Initiator caspases produce a chain reaction that activates executioner caspases. Caspase 9 is a kind of initiator caspase and caspase 3 is a kind of executioner caspase that plays a direct role in degrading cellular components.Apoptosis can be activated by internal (intrinsic) cellular mechanisms or external (extrinsic) signals. The extrinsic apoptotic pathway begins with the reception of a signal at the death receptors and the intrinsic apoptotic pathway begins with the permeabilization of the mitochondria. Both apoptotic caspase pathways are shown in Figure 1. Caspase proteins have been implicated in the premature death of cornea endothelial tissue being stored for transplant. To investigate the effect of caspases 3 and 9 on tissue degradation, scientists monitored the endothelial cell…In the normal cycle of Ras activity, when Ras is bound to y activity that removes a phosphate to convert GTP back to GDP and this it is inactive. Activation of Ras involves exchanging GDP for The Ras protein has intrinsic Ras. inactivates activates ATP GTP «< Questic A Moving to another question will save this response. ADP GDP GTPase Clo nucleasePredict the effects of the following mutations on the ability of a cell to undergo apoptosis:a. Mutation in Bad such that it cannot be phosphorylated by protein kinase B (PKB)b. Overexpression of Bcl-2c. Mutation in Bax such that it cannot form homodimersOne common characteristic of cancer cells is a loss of function in the apoptotic pathway. Which of the mutations listed above might you expect to find in some cancer cells?
- Mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a protein kinase that is a central regulator of cell division and cellular metabolism. Activated mTOR phosphorylates several protein targets, this activates pathways that lead to increased energy utilization, increased cell division and decreased apoptosis (cell death). Over-activation of mTOR is associated with several types of human cancer. In healthy cells, signaling downstream of growth factor receptors leads to the activation of PI3 kinase (PI3K), which phosphorylates lipid targets such as PIP2, forming PIP3. These lipids recruit a kinase called AKT to the cell membrane, where it is phosphorylated and activated. In turn, AKT phosphorylates and inactivates PRAS40. PRAS40 is normally bound to mTOR, inhibiting its activity. Thus, inactivation of PRAS40 activates mTOR. A schematic of this signaling pathway is shown below. Which of the following mutations is most likely to increase activation of mTOR? a mutation that decreases the activity of…GTP binding proteins are molecular switches. How do GTP binding proteins work? Provide two examples of GTP binding proteins that function in intracellular protein transport. Make a drawing that illustrates the function of each of these proteins in their respective roles. Predict the direct outcome of a mutation that: Inhibits GTPase activity Inhibits interaction with the GEFMany common medications function by interrupting the normal operation of certain signal transduction pathways. Which of the following describes a possible mechanism by which a certain medication may interrupt a signal transduction pathway? A A medication enters the target cell and triggers apoptosis by causing the release of di- gestive enzymes from cell lysosomes. B A medication interacts with the phospholipid bi-layer of the cell membrane and in- creases its permeability. с D A medication binds to membrane-bound glucose proteins and acts as an allosteric in- hibitor that prevents the intake of glucose by the cell. A medication diffuses through the membrane of a target cell and inhibits an enzyme that normally synthesizes a second messenger.
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