Pearson eText Bauman Microbiology with Diseases by Body Systems -- Instant Access (Pearson+)
5th Edition
ISBN: 9780135891018
Author: ROBERT BAUMAN
Publisher: PEARSON+
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Chapter 16, Problem 4CT
Scientists can develop genetically deficient strains of mice. Describe the immunological impairments that would result in mice deficient in each of the following: class I MHC, class II MHC, TCR, BCR, IL-2 receptor, and IFN-γ.
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Chapter 16 Solutions
Pearson eText Bauman Microbiology with Diseases by Body Systems -- Instant Access (Pearson+)
Ch. 16 - Why are the activities of B and T cells called...Ch. 16 - Why are exogenous epitopes processed in vesicles...Ch. 16 - Why did scientists give the name perforin to a...Ch. 16 - Plasma cells are vital for protection against...Ch. 16 - Microsporidiosis Darius is sick, which is not...Ch. 16 - Why is passive immunity effective more quickly...Ch. 16 - Prob. 1MCCh. 16 - Prob. 2MCCh. 16 - Rejection of a foreign skin graft is an example of...Ch. 16 - An autoantigen is ________________. a. an antigen...
Ch. 16 - Among the key molecules that control cell-mediated...Ch. 16 - Which of the following lymphocytes predominates in...Ch. 16 - Prob. 7MCCh. 16 - Which cells express MHC class I molecules in a...Ch. 16 - In which of the following sites in the body can B...Ch. 16 - Tc cells recognize epitopes only when the latter...Ch. 16 - Prob. 1MTFCh. 16 - Prob. 2MTFCh. 16 - Prob. 3MTFCh. 16 - Prob. 4MTFCh. 16 - Prob. 5MTFCh. 16 - Match each cell in the left column with its...Ch. 16 - Match each type of immunity in the left column...Ch. 16 - Label the parts of the immunoglobulin below.Ch. 16 - The nearby image is a transmission electron...Ch. 16 - When is antigen processing an essential...Ch. 16 - Why does the body have both antibody and...Ch. 16 - Why is it advantageous for the lymphatic system to...Ch. 16 - Contrast innate defenses with adaptive immunity.Ch. 16 - How does requiring the immune system to process...Ch. 16 - Scientists can develop genetically deficient...Ch. 16 - Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) preferentially...Ch. 16 - What would happen to a person who failed to make...Ch. 16 - Prob. 7CTCh. 16 - Some materials, such as metal bone pins and...Ch. 16 - Prob. 9CTCh. 16 - The cross-sectional area of the afferent lymphatic...Ch. 16 - Two students are studying for an exam on the bodys...Ch. 16 - In general, what sorts of pathogens might be able...Ch. 16 - What sorts of pathogens could successfully attack...Ch. 16 - As part of the treatment for some cancers,...Ch. 16 - Prob. 1CM
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- Some pathogenic microorganisms encode proteins, such as the Staphylococcus Protein A, that bind to immunoglobulin constant region domains with high affinity. These microbial proteins provide a benefit to the microorganism by: Preventing antibodies bound to the microbe from binding to Fc receptors on phagocytes Blocking the binding of anti-microbial antibodies to the pathogen surface Cleaving the antibody into fragments that separate the antigen-binding region from the effector function Inducing aggregation of the anti-microbial antibodies by multivalent binding to the pathogen-derived protein Preventing the antibody from neutralizing the pathogenarrow_forwardDifferent classes of immunoglobulins are distinguished by the structure of their heavy chain constant regions. IgM is the first antibody isotype secreted following activation of a naive B cell. IgM is found at high concentrations in the serum, and is found as a very high molecular weight complex. This high molecular weight complex is composed of: A single IgM monomer plus monomers of IgA and IgG A single IgM monomer bound to several non-immunoglobulin serum proteins A single IgM monomer bound to serum complement components A pentamer of IgM monomers Two dimers of IgM plus IgD forming a tetrameric complexarrow_forward1:Describe the various stages of T cells and the events that occur during each of these stages during T cell development. What stages of T cell development would be affected in mice with the following genetic mutations? Justify your answer. a) Mice that do not express MHC Class I molecule. b) Mice that do not express Rag1 c) Mice that do not express the pre-T-alpha chain 2:Transgenic mice that have constitutive expression of Rag1/2 are being used in an experiment to study pre-BCR signaling. Based on your knowledge of early B cell development, speculate on what might be the fate of BCR rearrangement and how will this affect further development of B cells in the bone marrow? please answer in full detail I want long well explained answers.arrow_forward
- The adaptive immune system uses multiple strategies to generate diversity in our ability to mount responses to a wide array of infectious microorganisms. These strategies include the generation of diverse repertoires of B-cell and T-cell antigen receptors, as well as polymorphism of MHC genes. The polymorphism of MHC genes differs from the diversity of lymphocyte antigen receptors in that: It involves DNA rearrangements at multiple gene segments in the MHC locus. It requires different enzymes than the RAG1/RAG2 recombinase required for antigen receptor rearrangements. It results in a diverse repertoire of clonally distributed receptors on dendritic cells, rather than on lymphocytes. It creates diversity between individuals in the population rather than within a single individual. It does not contribute to the transplant rejection responses that occur after organ transplantation between unrelated individuals.arrow_forwardThe innate immune response together with antibodies are generally not effective at clearing infections established by pathogens that replicate inside host cells. The evolution of T cells has provided a means for the immune response to ‘see’ intracellular infections based on the ability of T cells to: Secrete cytokines that diffuse into the infected tissue Activate type I interferon production by macrophages and dendritic cells Activate macrophages to induce inflammation Recognize pathogen-derived peptides on host MHC surface molecules Express cytoplasmic sensors for detecting pathogen-derived nucleic acidsarrow_forwardIndividuals or mice with defects in the biochemical pathways needed for loading peptides onto MHC molecules show greatly increased susceptibility to virus infections. Experiments examining the MHC molecules present on the surface of host cells in these individuals would show: Normal numbers of MHC molecules expressed on host cells, but no peptides bound to them. Very low levels of total MHC proteins expressed on the cell surface. Normal numbers of MHC proteins on the surface but all of them bound to self-peptides not pathogen peptides. Very high levels of total MHC proteins expressed on the cell surface. Only virus-infected cells expressing high levels of MHC proteins on the cell surface.arrow_forward
- M/C Which statement is the best with respect to how the mouse activates the interferon (INF) pathway with this virus based on the graph below? Infection of mice that are wild type or have the indicated protein or cell deletions 120 100 80 % Survival 40 60 60 20 20 0 0 2 4 T 6 Days after infection wild type RIGI minus Toll receptor minus INF a/ẞ minus CD8 T cell minus INF a/ẞ + CD8 T cell minus 8 10 12 Toll receptors are required for activation of the INF pathway. The INF pathway is activated through recognition of the virus by RIGI. Both Toll receptors and RIGI are required for activation of the INF pathway. Neither Toll receptors or RIGI are likely involved in INF pathway activation.arrow_forwardName two ways in which the presence of antibodies enhances phagocytosis.arrow_forwardDescribe the development of antibodies to a specificantigen.arrow_forward
- Infants and young children with deficiencies in specific complement components present with recurrent respiratory infections caused by extracellular bacteria. The peak age of susceptibility is between 6 and 12 months after birth. At this time, as shown in figure below, maternal antibodies acquired by the child during fetal gestation are nearly gone, but the child is not yet generating robust antibody responses to new infections, as indicated by the low circulating levels of IgG and IgA. As children with this immunodeficiency get older, they outgrow this disease and show no further evidence of these recurrent infections. Based on this information, name one likely gene deficiency (in the complement system) that could cause this primary immunodeficiency, and the specific complement pathway likely to be affected. Explain your answer.arrow_forwardName two antigen-presenting cells. What is their role in the adaptive immune system? Which classes of MHC proteins do they express and why is this important?arrow_forwardIn a mixed lymphocyte reaction, T cells from individual A make a robust response to antigen-presenting-cells from individual B, as long as the two individuals express different alleles of MHC molecules. Estimates indicate that up to 10% of the T cells from individual A may contribute to this response. If one performed this assay using responder T cells from a child and antigen-presenting cells from one parent, the result would be: A massive proliferative response made by the antigen-presenting cells of the parent A very weak response by the child’s T cells, involving only 0.1% of their T cells The complete absence of any proliferative response by the child’s T cells A robust cytolytic response that kills all of the parent’s antigen-presenting cells A robust response by the child’s T cellsarrow_forward
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