Consider the following hypothetical equation A ( s ) + B ( s ) → C ( s ) + D ( s ) where Δ H ° = 492 kJ and Δ S ° = 327 J / K . (a) Obtain an expression for Δ G ° as a function of temperature. Prepare a table of Δ G ° values at 100 K intervals between 100 K and 500 K. (b) Find the temperature at which Δ G ° becomes zero.
Consider the following hypothetical equation A ( s ) + B ( s ) → C ( s ) + D ( s ) where Δ H ° = 492 kJ and Δ S ° = 327 J / K . (a) Obtain an expression for Δ G ° as a function of temperature. Prepare a table of Δ G ° values at 100 K intervals between 100 K and 500 K. (b) Find the temperature at which Δ G ° becomes zero.
Solution Summary: The author explains the Gibbs-Helmholtz equation for a given chemical reaction.
Propagation of uncertainty. You have a stock solution certified by the manufacturer to contain 150.0±0.03 µg SO42-/mL. You would like to dilute it by a factor of 100 to obtain 1.500 µg/mL. Calculate the uncertainty in the two methods of dilution below. Use the following uncertainty values for glassware:
Glassware
Uncertainty
(assume glassware has been calibrated and treat the values below as random error)
1.00 mL volumetric pipet
0.01 mL
10.00 mL volumetric pipet
0.02 mL
100.00 mL volumetric flask
0.08 mL
Transfer 10.00 mL with a volumetric pipet and dilute it to 100 mL with a volumetric flask. Then take 10.00 mL of the resulting solution and dilute it a second time with a 100 mL flask.
2. Transfer 1.00 mL with a volumetric pipet and dilute it to 100 mL with a volumetric flask.
Draw all resonance structures for the following ion:
CH₂
Draw all resonance structures on the canvas by choosing buttons from the Tools (for bonds), Atoms, and Advanced Template toolbars, including
charges where needed. The single bond is active by default.
2D
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CONT
HD EXP CON
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What is the average mass of the 10 pennies? Report your value with correct significant figures.
What is the error (uncertainty) associated with each mass measurement due to the equipment?
What is the uncertainty associated with the average value? Note that the uncertainty of the balance will propagate throughout the calculation.
What is the standard deviation of the 10 mass measurements?
Explain the difference between the propagated uncertainty and the standard deviation. Which number would you use to describe the uncertainty in the measurement?
Calculate the total mass of the pennies with associated uncertainty.
Calculate the average density of a penny based on these data. Propagate the uncertainty values for both mass and volume in your calculations.
Chapter 16 Solutions
OWLv2 for Masterton/Hurley's Chemistry: Principles and Reactions, 8th Edition, [Instant Access], 1 term (6 months)
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