The rate of reaction when the experimental preparation containing PDH complex is treated with pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase. Introduction: When pyruvate is converted into acetyl CoA, one carbon molecule is lost in the form of carbon dioxide from each molecule of pyruvate. In the breakdown of pyruvate, NAD + accepts the electron and gets converted into NADH, which is used by the cell to produce ATP. In the last step of conversion, an acetyl group is accepted by CoA to produce acetyl CoA. Acetyl CoA is the molecule which transfers the carbon atoms from pyruvate to the citric acid cycle.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 16, Problem 26P

(a1)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The rate of reaction when the experimental preparation containing PDH complex is treated with pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase.

Introduction:

When pyruvate is converted into acetyl CoA, one carbon molecule is lost in the form of carbon dioxide from each molecule of pyruvate. In the breakdown of pyruvate, NAD⁺ accepts the electron and gets converted into NADH, which is used by the cell to produce ATP. In the last step of conversion, an acetyl group is accepted by CoA to produce acetyl CoA. Acetyl CoA is the molecule which transfers the carbon atoms from pyruvate to the citric acid cycle.

(a2)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The rate of reaction when the experimental preparation containing PDH complex is treated with ATP.

Introduction:

When pyruvate is converted into acetyl CoA, one carbon molecule is lost in the form of carbon dioxide from each molecule of pyruvate. In the breakdown of pyruvate, NAD⁺ accepts the electron and gets converted into NADH, which is used by the cell to produce ATP. In the last step of conversion, an acetyl group is accepted by CoA to produce acetyl CoA. Acetyl CoA is the molecule which transfers the carbon atoms from pyruvate to the citric acid cycle.

(a3)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The rate of reaction when the experimental preparation containing PDH complex is treated with NADH.

Introduction:

When pyruvate is converted into acetyl CoA, one carbon molecule is lost in the form of carbon dioxide from each molecule of pyruvate. In the breakdown of pyruvate, NAD⁺ accepts the electron and gets converted into NADH, which is used by the cell to produce ATP. In the last step of conversion, an acetyl group is accepted by CoA to produce acetyl CoA. Acetyl CoA is the molecule which transfers the carbon atoms from pyruvate to the citric acid cycle.

(b1)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The rate of reaction when the experimental preparation containing PDH complex is treated with pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase.

Introduction:

PDH complex is the group of three enzymes which facilitate the conversion of pyruvate into acetyl CoA. Oxidation of pyruvate causes decarboxylation of pyruvate which is also known as pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction.

(b2)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The rate of reaction when the experimental preparation containing PDH complex is treated with Ca²⁺

Introduction:

PDH complex is the group of three enzymes which facilitate the conversion of pyruvate into acetyl CoA. Oxidation of pyruvate causes decarboxylation of pyruvate which is also known as pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction.

(c)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The rate of reaction when the experimental preparation containing PDH complex is treated with malonate

Introduction:

Malonate inhibits the activity of succinate dehydrogenase which terminates the cycle and the intermediate succinate (−OOC−CH2−CH2−COO−) gets accumulated.

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The standard cost of Product B manufactured by Oriole Company includes 3.5 units of direct materials at $5.40 per unit. During June, 27,300 units of direct materials are purchased at a cost of $5.15 per unit, and 27,300 units of direct materials are used to produce 7,600 units of Product B. (a) Compute the total materials variance and the price and quantity variances. Total materials variance Materials price variance Materials quantity variance $ (b) Compute the total materials variance and the price and quantity variances, assuming the purchase price is $6.35 and the quantity purchased and used is 26,300 units. Total materials variance Materials price variance Materials quantity variance $

The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to form acetyl CoA. E₁, E2, and E3 are abbreviations for the enzymes of the complex. Classify the enzyme names, prosthetic groups, and reactions as E1, E2, or E3. E₁ E2 Answer Bank E3 transfer of electrons to FAD and then to NAD+ transfer of acetyl group to coenzyme A formation of hydroxyethyl-TPP hydroxyethyl group transferred to lipoamide thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) FAD lipoamide dihydrolipoyl transacetylase pyruvate dehydrogenase dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase

Patients with pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency show high levels of lactic acid in the blood. However, in some cases, treatment with dichloroacetate (DCA), which inhibits the kinase associated with the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, lowers lactic acid levels. How does DCA act to stimulate pyruvate dehydrogenase activity? DCA activates pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase. DCA increases phosphorylation levels of pyruvate dehydrogenase. DCA inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase. ODCA activates pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase. What does this suggest about pyruvate dehydrogenase activity in patients who respond to DCA? The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is active only when phosphorylated by the kinase. The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is active only in the presence of the kinase. The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is completely inactive. The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex displays some residual activity.

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 16, Problem 26P

(a1)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The rate of reaction when the experimental preparation containing PDH complex is treated with pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase.

Introduction:

When pyruvate is converted into acetyl CoA, one carbon molecule is lost in the form of carbon dioxide from each molecule of pyruvate. In the breakdown of pyruvate, NAD⁺ accepts the electron and gets converted into NADH, which is used by the cell to produce ATP. In the last step of conversion, an acetyl group is accepted by CoA to produce acetyl CoA. Acetyl CoA is the molecule which transfers the carbon atoms from pyruvate to the citric acid cycle.

(a2)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The rate of reaction when the experimental preparation containing PDH complex is treated with ATP.

Introduction:

When pyruvate is converted into acetyl CoA, one carbon molecule is lost in the form of carbon dioxide from each molecule of pyruvate. In the breakdown of pyruvate, NAD⁺ accepts the electron and gets converted into NADH, which is used by the cell to produce ATP. In the last step of conversion, an acetyl group is accepted by CoA to produce acetyl CoA. Acetyl CoA is the molecule which transfers the carbon atoms from pyruvate to the citric acid cycle.

(a3)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The rate of reaction when the experimental preparation containing PDH complex is treated with NADH.

Introduction:

When pyruvate is converted into acetyl CoA, one carbon molecule is lost in the form of carbon dioxide from each molecule of pyruvate. In the breakdown of pyruvate, NAD⁺ accepts the electron and gets converted into NADH, which is used by the cell to produce ATP. In the last step of conversion, an acetyl group is accepted by CoA to produce acetyl CoA. Acetyl CoA is the molecule which transfers the carbon atoms from pyruvate to the citric acid cycle.

(b1)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The rate of reaction when the experimental preparation containing PDH complex is treated with pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase.

Introduction:

PDH complex is the group of three enzymes which facilitate the conversion of pyruvate into acetyl CoA. Oxidation of pyruvate causes decarboxylation of pyruvate which is also known as pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction.

(b2)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The rate of reaction when the experimental preparation containing PDH complex is treated with Ca²⁺

Introduction:

PDH complex is the group of three enzymes which facilitate the conversion of pyruvate into acetyl CoA. Oxidation of pyruvate causes decarboxylation of pyruvate which is also known as pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction.

(c)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The rate of reaction when the experimental preparation containing PDH complex is treated with malonate

Introduction:

Malonate inhibits the activity of succinate dehydrogenase which terminates the cycle and the intermediate succinate (−OOC−CH2−CH2−COO−) gets accumulated.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 16, Problem 26P

(a1)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The rate of reaction when the experimental preparation containing PDH complex is treated with pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase.

Introduction:

When pyruvate is converted into acetyl CoA, one carbon molecule is lost in the form of carbon dioxide from each molecule of pyruvate. In the breakdown of pyruvate, NAD⁺ accepts the electron and gets converted into NADH, which is used by the cell to produce ATP. In the last step of conversion, an acetyl group is accepted by CoA to produce acetyl CoA. Acetyl CoA is the molecule which transfers the carbon atoms from pyruvate to the citric acid cycle.

(a2)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The rate of reaction when the experimental preparation containing PDH complex is treated with ATP.

Introduction:

When pyruvate is converted into acetyl CoA, one carbon molecule is lost in the form of carbon dioxide from each molecule of pyruvate. In the breakdown of pyruvate, NAD⁺ accepts the electron and gets converted into NADH, which is used by the cell to produce ATP. In the last step of conversion, an acetyl group is accepted by CoA to produce acetyl CoA. Acetyl CoA is the molecule which transfers the carbon atoms from pyruvate to the citric acid cycle.

(a3)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The rate of reaction when the experimental preparation containing PDH complex is treated with NADH.

Introduction:

When pyruvate is converted into acetyl CoA, one carbon molecule is lost in the form of carbon dioxide from each molecule of pyruvate. In the breakdown of pyruvate, NAD⁺ accepts the electron and gets converted into NADH, which is used by the cell to produce ATP. In the last step of conversion, an acetyl group is accepted by CoA to produce acetyl CoA. Acetyl CoA is the molecule which transfers the carbon atoms from pyruvate to the citric acid cycle.

(b1)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The rate of reaction when the experimental preparation containing PDH complex is treated with pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase.

Introduction:

PDH complex is the group of three enzymes which facilitate the conversion of pyruvate into acetyl CoA. Oxidation of pyruvate causes decarboxylation of pyruvate which is also known as pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction.

(b2)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The rate of reaction when the experimental preparation containing PDH complex is treated with Ca²⁺

Introduction:

PDH complex is the group of three enzymes which facilitate the conversion of pyruvate into acetyl CoA. Oxidation of pyruvate causes decarboxylation of pyruvate which is also known as pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction.

(c)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The rate of reaction when the experimental preparation containing PDH complex is treated with malonate

Introduction:

Malonate inhibits the activity of succinate dehydrogenase which terminates the cycle and the intermediate succinate (−OOC−CH2−CH2−COO−) gets accumulated.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 16, Problem 26P

(a1)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The rate of reaction when the experimental preparation containing PDH complex is treated with pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase.

Introduction:

When pyruvate is converted into acetyl CoA, one carbon molecule is lost in the form of carbon dioxide from each molecule of pyruvate. In the breakdown of pyruvate, NAD⁺ accepts the electron and gets converted into NADH, which is used by the cell to produce ATP. In the last step of conversion, an acetyl group is accepted by CoA to produce acetyl CoA. Acetyl CoA is the molecule which transfers the carbon atoms from pyruvate to the citric acid cycle.

(a2)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The rate of reaction when the experimental preparation containing PDH complex is treated with ATP.

Introduction:

When pyruvate is converted into acetyl CoA, one carbon molecule is lost in the form of carbon dioxide from each molecule of pyruvate. In the breakdown of pyruvate, NAD⁺ accepts the electron and gets converted into NADH, which is used by the cell to produce ATP. In the last step of conversion, an acetyl group is accepted by CoA to produce acetyl CoA. Acetyl CoA is the molecule which transfers the carbon atoms from pyruvate to the citric acid cycle.

(a3)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The rate of reaction when the experimental preparation containing PDH complex is treated with NADH.

Introduction:

When pyruvate is converted into acetyl CoA, one carbon molecule is lost in the form of carbon dioxide from each molecule of pyruvate. In the breakdown of pyruvate, NAD⁺ accepts the electron and gets converted into NADH, which is used by the cell to produce ATP. In the last step of conversion, an acetyl group is accepted by CoA to produce acetyl CoA. Acetyl CoA is the molecule which transfers the carbon atoms from pyruvate to the citric acid cycle.

(b1)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The rate of reaction when the experimental preparation containing PDH complex is treated with pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase.

Introduction:

PDH complex is the group of three enzymes which facilitate the conversion of pyruvate into acetyl CoA. Oxidation of pyruvate causes decarboxylation of pyruvate which is also known as pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction.

(b2)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The rate of reaction when the experimental preparation containing PDH complex is treated with Ca²⁺

Introduction:

PDH complex is the group of three enzymes which facilitate the conversion of pyruvate into acetyl CoA. Oxidation of pyruvate causes decarboxylation of pyruvate which is also known as pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction.

(c)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The rate of reaction when the experimental preparation containing PDH complex is treated with malonate

Introduction:

Malonate inhibits the activity of succinate dehydrogenase which terminates the cycle and the intermediate succinate (−OOC−CH2−CH2−COO−) gets accumulated.

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Answer 5

Chapter 16, Problem 26P

(a1)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The rate of reaction when the experimental preparation containing PDH complex is treated with pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase.

Introduction:

When pyruvate is converted into acetyl CoA, one carbon molecule is lost in the form of carbon dioxide from each molecule of pyruvate. In the breakdown of pyruvate, NAD⁺ accepts the electron and gets converted into NADH, which is used by the cell to produce ATP. In the last step of conversion, an acetyl group is accepted by CoA to produce acetyl CoA. Acetyl CoA is the molecule which transfers the carbon atoms from pyruvate to the citric acid cycle.

(a2)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The rate of reaction when the experimental preparation containing PDH complex is treated with ATP.

Introduction:

When pyruvate is converted into acetyl CoA, one carbon molecule is lost in the form of carbon dioxide from each molecule of pyruvate. In the breakdown of pyruvate, NAD⁺ accepts the electron and gets converted into NADH, which is used by the cell to produce ATP. In the last step of conversion, an acetyl group is accepted by CoA to produce acetyl CoA. Acetyl CoA is the molecule which transfers the carbon atoms from pyruvate to the citric acid cycle.

(a3)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The rate of reaction when the experimental preparation containing PDH complex is treated with NADH.

Introduction:

When pyruvate is converted into acetyl CoA, one carbon molecule is lost in the form of carbon dioxide from each molecule of pyruvate. In the breakdown of pyruvate, NAD⁺ accepts the electron and gets converted into NADH, which is used by the cell to produce ATP. In the last step of conversion, an acetyl group is accepted by CoA to produce acetyl CoA. Acetyl CoA is the molecule which transfers the carbon atoms from pyruvate to the citric acid cycle.

(b1)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The rate of reaction when the experimental preparation containing PDH complex is treated with pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase.

Introduction:

PDH complex is the group of three enzymes which facilitate the conversion of pyruvate into acetyl CoA. Oxidation of pyruvate causes decarboxylation of pyruvate which is also known as pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction.

(b2)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The rate of reaction when the experimental preparation containing PDH complex is treated with Ca²⁺

Introduction:

PDH complex is the group of three enzymes which facilitate the conversion of pyruvate into acetyl CoA. Oxidation of pyruvate causes decarboxylation of pyruvate which is also known as pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction.

(c)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The rate of reaction when the experimental preparation containing PDH complex is treated with malonate

Introduction:

Malonate inhibits the activity of succinate dehydrogenase which terminates the cycle and the intermediate succinate (−OOC−CH2−CH2−COO−) gets accumulated.

Answer 6

Chapter 16, Problem 26P

(a1)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The rate of reaction when the experimental preparation containing PDH complex is treated with pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase.

Introduction:

When pyruvate is converted into acetyl CoA, one carbon molecule is lost in the form of carbon dioxide from each molecule of pyruvate. In the breakdown of pyruvate, NAD⁺ accepts the electron and gets converted into NADH, which is used by the cell to produce ATP. In the last step of conversion, an acetyl group is accepted by CoA to produce acetyl CoA. Acetyl CoA is the molecule which transfers the carbon atoms from pyruvate to the citric acid cycle.

Answer 7

Chapter 16, Problem 26P

(a1)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The rate of reaction when the experimental preparation containing PDH complex is treated with pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase.

Introduction:

When pyruvate is converted into acetyl CoA, one carbon molecule is lost in the form of carbon dioxide from each molecule of pyruvate. In the breakdown of pyruvate, NAD⁺ accepts the electron and gets converted into NADH, which is used by the cell to produce ATP. In the last step of conversion, an acetyl group is accepted by CoA to produce acetyl CoA. Acetyl CoA is the molecule which transfers the carbon atoms from pyruvate to the citric acid cycle.

Answer 8

(a2)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The rate of reaction when the experimental preparation containing PDH complex is treated with ATP.

Introduction:

When pyruvate is converted into acetyl CoA, one carbon molecule is lost in the form of carbon dioxide from each molecule of pyruvate. In the breakdown of pyruvate, NAD⁺ accepts the electron and gets converted into NADH, which is used by the cell to produce ATP. In the last step of conversion, an acetyl group is accepted by CoA to produce acetyl CoA. Acetyl CoA is the molecule which transfers the carbon atoms from pyruvate to the citric acid cycle.

Answer 9

(a2)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The rate of reaction when the experimental preparation containing PDH complex is treated with ATP.

Introduction:

When pyruvate is converted into acetyl CoA, one carbon molecule is lost in the form of carbon dioxide from each molecule of pyruvate. In the breakdown of pyruvate, NAD⁺ accepts the electron and gets converted into NADH, which is used by the cell to produce ATP. In the last step of conversion, an acetyl group is accepted by CoA to produce acetyl CoA. Acetyl CoA is the molecule which transfers the carbon atoms from pyruvate to the citric acid cycle.

Answer 10

(a3)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The rate of reaction when the experimental preparation containing PDH complex is treated with NADH.

Introduction:

When pyruvate is converted into acetyl CoA, one carbon molecule is lost in the form of carbon dioxide from each molecule of pyruvate. In the breakdown of pyruvate, NAD⁺ accepts the electron and gets converted into NADH, which is used by the cell to produce ATP. In the last step of conversion, an acetyl group is accepted by CoA to produce acetyl CoA. Acetyl CoA is the molecule which transfers the carbon atoms from pyruvate to the citric acid cycle.

Answer 11

(a3)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The rate of reaction when the experimental preparation containing PDH complex is treated with NADH.

Introduction:

When pyruvate is converted into acetyl CoA, one carbon molecule is lost in the form of carbon dioxide from each molecule of pyruvate. In the breakdown of pyruvate, NAD⁺ accepts the electron and gets converted into NADH, which is used by the cell to produce ATP. In the last step of conversion, an acetyl group is accepted by CoA to produce acetyl CoA. Acetyl CoA is the molecule which transfers the carbon atoms from pyruvate to the citric acid cycle.

Answer 12

(b1)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The rate of reaction when the experimental preparation containing PDH complex is treated with pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase.

Introduction:

PDH complex is the group of three enzymes which facilitate the conversion of pyruvate into acetyl CoA. Oxidation of pyruvate causes decarboxylation of pyruvate which is also known as pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction.

Answer 13

(b1)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The rate of reaction when the experimental preparation containing PDH complex is treated with pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase.

Introduction:

PDH complex is the group of three enzymes which facilitate the conversion of pyruvate into acetyl CoA. Oxidation of pyruvate causes decarboxylation of pyruvate which is also known as pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction.

Answer 14

(b2)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The rate of reaction when the experimental preparation containing PDH complex is treated with Ca²⁺

Introduction:

PDH complex is the group of three enzymes which facilitate the conversion of pyruvate into acetyl CoA. Oxidation of pyruvate causes decarboxylation of pyruvate which is also known as pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction.

Answer 15

(b2)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The rate of reaction when the experimental preparation containing PDH complex is treated with Ca²⁺

Introduction:

PDH complex is the group of three enzymes which facilitate the conversion of pyruvate into acetyl CoA. Oxidation of pyruvate causes decarboxylation of pyruvate which is also known as pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction.

Answer 16

(c)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The rate of reaction when the experimental preparation containing PDH complex is treated with malonate

Introduction:

Malonate inhibits the activity of succinate dehydrogenase which terminates the cycle and the intermediate succinate (−OOC−CH2−CH2−COO−) gets accumulated.

Answer 17

(c)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The rate of reaction when the experimental preparation containing PDH complex is treated with malonate

Introduction:

Malonate inhibits the activity of succinate dehydrogenase which terminates the cycle and the intermediate succinate (−OOC−CH2−CH2−COO−) gets accumulated.

Answer 18

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Answer 19

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 20

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Answer 21

Ch. 16 - Prob. 1P Ch. 16 - Prob. 2P Ch. 16 - Prob. 3P Ch. 16 - Prob. 4P Ch. 16 - Prob. 5P Ch. 16 - Prob. 6P Ch. 16 - Prob. 7P Ch. 16 - Prob. 8P Ch. 16 - Prob. 9P Ch. 16 - Prob. 10P

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To determine: The rate of reaction when the experimental preparation containing PDH complex is treated with malonate

Introduction:

Malonate inhibits the activity of succinate dehydrogenase which terminates the cycle and the intermediate succinate (−OOC−CH2−CH2−COO−) gets accumulated.

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Chapter 16 Solutions

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To determine: The rate of reaction when the experimental preparation containing PDH complex is treated with malonate Introduction: Malonate inhibits the activity of succinate dehydrogenase which terminates the cycle and the intermediate succinate (−OOC−CH2−CH2−COO−) gets accumulated.

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Chapter 16 Solutions

To determine: The rate of reaction when the experimental preparation containing PDH complex is treated with malonate

Introduction:

Malonate inhibits the activity of succinate dehydrogenase which terminates the cycle and the intermediate succinate (−OOC−CH2−CH2−COO−) gets accumulated.