Interpretation Introduction To explain: Why the second ionization step can often be neglected while calculating [ H 3 O + ] for a polyprotic acid. Explanation The chemical species that are capable of releasing more than three protons on ionization are referred to as polyprotic acids, for example, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, oxalic acid, and several others. The value of the ionization constant for the second step is less, as the separation of the first proton occurs from the neutral molecule. In contrast, the second proton is released from an anion. Furthermore, the positively charged proton is held more tightly by the anion, which is negatively charged, and hence, makes the separation difficult, resulting in the lower value of K a . H 2 SO 3 ( a q ) n H + ( a q ) + HSO 3 - ( a q ) K a 1 = 1

Chemistry: A Molecular Approach (4th Edition)

4th Edition

ISBN: 9780134112831

Author: Nivaldo J. Tro

Publisher: PEARSON

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Chapter 16, Problem 25E

Interpretation Introduction

To explain: Why the second ionization step can often be neglected while calculating [H3O+] for a polyprotic acid.

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Chapter 16 Solutions

Chemistry: A Molecular Approach (4th Edition)

Ch. 16 - Prob. 1SAQ Ch. 16 - Q2. Which pair is a Brønsted–Lowry conjugate...Ch. 16 - Prob. 3SAQ Ch. 16 - Prob. 4SAQ Ch. 16 - Q5. An HNO3(aq) solution has a pH of 1.75. What is...Ch. 16 - Q6. Find the pH of a 0.350 M aqueous benzoic acid...Ch. 16 - Q7. Find the pH of a 0.155 M HClO2(aq) solution....Ch. 16 - Prob. 8SAQ Ch. 16 - Prob. 9SAQ Ch. 16 - Prob. 10SAQ

Ch. 16 - Prob. 11SAQ Ch. 16 - Prob. 12SAQ Ch. 16 - Prob. 13SAQ Ch. 16 - Prob. 14SAQ Ch. 16 - Q15. Which acid has the largest Ka: HClO2(aq),...Ch. 16 - 1. What causes heartburn? What are some possible...Ch. 16 - 2. What are the general physical and chemical...Ch. 16 - Prob. 3E Ch. 16 - Prob. 4E Ch. 16 - Prob. 5E Ch. 16 - Prob. 6E Ch. 16 - Prob. 7E Ch. 16 - Prob. 8E Ch. 16 - Prob. 9E Ch. 16 - Prob. 10E Ch. 16 - 11. What are diprotic and triprotic acids? List an...Ch. 16 - 12. Define the acid ionization constant and...Ch. 16 - 13. Write an equation for the autoionization of...Ch. 16 - 14. What happens to the [OH–] of a solution when...Ch. 16 - Prob. 15E Ch. 16 - Prob. 16E Ch. 16 - Prob. 17E Ch. 16 - Prob. 18E Ch. 16 - Prob. 19E Ch. 16 - Prob. 20E Ch. 16 - Prob. 21E Ch. 16 - 22. How can you determine if an anion will act as...Ch. 16 - 23. What is the relationship between the acid...Ch. 16 - 24. What kinds of cations act as weak acids? List...Ch. 16 - 25. When calculating the [H3O+] for a polyprotic...Ch. 16 - Prob. 26E Ch. 16 - Prob. 27E Ch. 16 - Prob. 28E Ch. 16 - Prob. 29E Ch. 16 - Prob. 30E Ch. 16 - 31. What is acid rain? What causes it, and where...Ch. 16 - Prob. 32E Ch. 16 - 33. Identify each substance as an acid or a base...Ch. 16 - 34. Identify each substance as an acid or a base...Ch. 16 - 35. In each reaction, identify the Brønsted–Lowry...Ch. 16 - Prob. 36E Ch. 16 - 37. Write the formula for the conjugate base of...Ch. 16 - 38. Write the formula for the conjugate acid of...Ch. 16 - 39. Both H2O and H2PO4– are amphoteric. Write an...Ch. 16 - 40. Both HCO3– and HS– are amphoteric. Write an...Ch. 16 - Prob. 41E Ch. 16 - Prob. 42E Ch. 16 - Prob. 43E Ch. 16 - Prob. 44E Ch. 16 - Prob. 45E Ch. 16 - Prob. 46E Ch. 16 - 47. Calculate [OH–] in each aqueous solution at 25...Ch. 16 - Prob. 48E Ch. 16 - Prob. 49E Ch. 16 - 50. Calculate [H3O+] and [OH–] for each solution...Ch. 16 - Prob. 51E Ch. 16 - Prob. 52E Ch. 16 - 53. Like all equilibrium constants, the value of...Ch. 16 - Prob. 54E Ch. 16 - 55. Calculate the pH of each acid solution....Ch. 16 - Prob. 56E Ch. 16 - Prob. 57E Ch. 16 - 58. Determine the pH of each solution. a. 0.048 M...Ch. 16 - Prob. 59E Ch. 16 - Prob. 60E Ch. 16 - 61. What is the pH of a solution in which 224 mL...Ch. 16 - Prob. 62E Ch. 16 - Prob. 63E Ch. 16 - 64. Determine the [H3O+] and pH of a 0.200 M...Ch. 16 - 65. Determine the pH of an HNO2 solution of each...Ch. 16 - 66. Determine the pH of an HF solution of each...Ch. 16 - Prob. 67E Ch. 16 - Prob. 68E Ch. 16 - Prob. 69E Ch. 16 - Prob. 70E Ch. 16 - 71. Determine the percent ionization of a 0.125 M...Ch. 16 - Prob. 72E Ch. 16 - Prob. 73E Ch. 16 - Prob. 74E Ch. 16 - Prob. 75E Ch. 16 - Prob. 76E Ch. 16 - Prob. 77E Ch. 16 - Prob. 78E Ch. 16 - Prob. 79E Ch. 16 - Prob. 80E Ch. 16 - Prob. 81E Ch. 16 - Prob. 82E Ch. 16 - Prob. 83E Ch. 16 - Prob. 84E Ch. 16 - Prob. 85E Ch. 16 - Prob. 86E Ch. 16 - Prob. 87E Ch. 16 - Prob. 88E Ch. 16 - Prob. 89E Ch. 16 - Prob. 90E Ch. 16 - Prob. 91E Ch. 16 - Prob. 92E Ch. 16 - Prob. 93E Ch. 16 - Prob. 94E Ch. 16 - Prob. 95E Ch. 16 - Prob. 96E Ch. 16 - 97. Determine the [OH–] and pH of a solution that...Ch. 16 - Prob. 98E Ch. 16 - Prob. 99E Ch. 16 - Prob. 100E Ch. 16 - Prob. 101E Ch. 16 - 102. Determine if each salt will form a solution...Ch. 16 - Prob. 103E Ch. 16 - Prob. 104E Ch. 16 - 105. Determine the pH of each solution. a. 0.10 M...Ch. 16 - 106. Determine the pH of each solution. a. 0.20 M...Ch. 16 - Prob. 107E Ch. 16 - Prob. 108E Ch. 16 - Prob. 109E Ch. 16 - Prob. 110E Ch. 16 - Prob. 111E Ch. 16 - 112. Calculate the [H3O+] and pH of each...Ch. 16 - 113. Calculate the concentration of all species in...Ch. 16 - 114. Calculate the concentration of all species in...Ch. 16 - 115. Calculate the [H3O+] and pH of each H2SO4...Ch. 16 - Prob. 116E Ch. 16 - Prob. 117E Ch. 16 - Prob. 118E Ch. 16 - 119. Based on their molecular structure, pick the...Ch. 16 - Prob. 120E Ch. 16 - Prob. 121E Ch. 16 - 122. Which is a stronger base, PO43– or AsO43–?...Ch. 16 - 123. Classify each species as either a Lewis acid...Ch. 16 - 124. Classify each species as either a Lewis acid...Ch. 16 - Prob. 125E Ch. 16 - Prob. 126E Ch. 16 - Prob. 127E Ch. 16 - Prob. 128E Ch. 16 - Prob. 129E Ch. 16 - Prob. 130E Ch. 16 - Prob. 131E Ch. 16 - Prob. 132E Ch. 16 - 133. Acid rain over the Great Lakes has a pH of...Ch. 16 - 134. White wines tend to be more acidic than red...Ch. 16 - 135. Common aspirin is acetylsalicylic acid, which...Ch. 16 - Prob. 136E Ch. 16 - Prob. 137E Ch. 16 - Prob. 138E Ch. 16 - Prob. 139E Ch. 16 - 140. Determine the pH of each two-component...Ch. 16 - Prob. 141E Ch. 16 - Prob. 142E Ch. 16 - 143. The pH of a 1.00 M solution of urea, a weak...Ch. 16 - 144. A solution is prepared by dissolving 0.10 mol...Ch. 16 - 145. Lactic acid is a weak acid found in milk. Its...Ch. 16 - Prob. 146E Ch. 16 - Prob. 147E Ch. 16 - Prob. 148E Ch. 16 - Prob. 149E Ch. 16 - 150. To what volume should you dilute 1 L of a...Ch. 16 - Prob. 151E Ch. 16 - Prob. 152E Ch. 16 - 153. Calculate the pH of a solution prepared from...Ch. 16 - 154. To 1.0 L of a 0.30 M solution of HClO2 is...Ch. 16 - 155. A mixture of Na2CO3 and NaHCO3 has a mass of...Ch. 16 - 156. A mixture of NaCN and NaHSO4 consists of a...Ch. 16 - 157. Without doing any calculations, determine...Ch. 16 - 158. Without doing any calculations, determine...Ch. 16 - Prob. 159E Ch. 16 - 160. Without using a calculator, determine the pH...Ch. 16 - Prob. 161QGW Ch. 16 - Prob. 162QGW Ch. 16 - Prob. 163QGW Ch. 16 - Prob. 164QGW Ch. 16 - Prob. 165QGW Ch. 16 - 166. Sulfur dioxide protects wine from spoiling;...

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