Autoimmune diseases are the outcome of effector T-cells and the antibodies that attack healthy tissues as if they were pathogen infected. In an autoimmune disease, the immune system is not able to distinguish between self and non-self cells. Once an autoimmune response begins it generally continues throughout the life of the patient.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 16, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

Introduction:

Autoimmune diseases are the outcome of effector T-cells and the antibodies that attack healthy tissues as if they were pathogen infected. In an autoimmune disease, the immune system is not able to distinguish between self and non-self cells. Once an autoimmune response begins it generally continues throughout the life of the patient.

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer to Problem 1Q

Correct answer:

The correct answer is option (b).

Explanation of Solution

Explanation/justification for the correct answer:

Option (b) Graves's disease: receptor antagonistic antibodies. This is a mismatched pair because the autoantigen in Graves' disease is thyroid stimulating hormone receptor. The receptor antagonistic antibodies block the receptors and weaken the biological responses while in Graves' disease; thyroxine hormone is produced in large amounts. So, the correct answer is option (b).

Explanation for the incorrect answer:

Option (a) multiple sclerosis: demyelination in CNS (central nervous system). In multiple sclerosis myelin sheaths of nerve cells is attacked by effector cells to produce demyelinated nervous tissues in the white matter of CNS. So, this is an incorrect answer.

Option (c) myasthenia gravis: pyridostigmine drug treatment. The signaling at the neuromuscular junction from nerve to the muscle is impaired in this autoimmune disease. The drug pyridostigmine is used to treat myasthenia gravis as it prevents the degradation of neurotransmitter, acetylcholine. So, this is an incorrect answer.

Option (d) Hashimoto's disease: ectopic lymphoid tissue. A distinctive feature of Hashimoto disease is the formation of an ectopic lymphoid tissue which permits intensification of the autoimmune response that exacerbates this disease. So, this is an incorrect answer.

Option (e) ectodermal dystrophy: hair, fingernail, and teeth abnormalities. The manifestations of ectodermal dystrophy are abnormalities of hair, fingernail, and teeth. This disease is caused due to loss of tolerance of T-cells. So, this is an incorrect answer.

Option (f) immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, and X-linked syndrome: require hematopoietic stem cell transplant. Children with this syndrome suffer from recurrent infections that aggravate the autoimmunities. The infants are transplanted with hematopoietic stem cells from siblings which are HLA (human leukocyte antigen) identical. So, this is an incorrect answer.

Option (g) almost all autoimmune disease: association with HLA complex. Autoimmune disease occurs through a combination of developmental, environmental, and genetic factors. The genetic susceptibility is determined by HLA type in about most of the autoimmune diseases. So, this is an incorrect answer.

Conclusion

Graves' disease is not associated with antagonistic antibodies receptors. Hence, the correct answer is option (b).

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Answer 2

Question

Chapter 16, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

Introduction:

Autoimmune diseases are the outcome of effector T-cells and the antibodies that attack healthy tissues as if they were pathogen infected. In an autoimmune disease, the immune system is not able to distinguish between self and non-self cells. Once an autoimmune response begins it generally continues throughout the life of the patient.

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer to Problem 1Q

Correct answer:

The correct answer is option (b).

Explanation of Solution

Explanation/justification for the correct answer:

Option (b) Graves's disease: receptor antagonistic antibodies. This is a mismatched pair because the autoantigen in Graves' disease is thyroid stimulating hormone receptor. The receptor antagonistic antibodies block the receptors and weaken the biological responses while in Graves' disease; thyroxine hormone is produced in large amounts. So, the correct answer is option (b).

Explanation for the incorrect answer:

Option (a) multiple sclerosis: demyelination in CNS (central nervous system). In multiple sclerosis myelin sheaths of nerve cells is attacked by effector cells to produce demyelinated nervous tissues in the white matter of CNS. So, this is an incorrect answer.

Option (c) myasthenia gravis: pyridostigmine drug treatment. The signaling at the neuromuscular junction from nerve to the muscle is impaired in this autoimmune disease. The drug pyridostigmine is used to treat myasthenia gravis as it prevents the degradation of neurotransmitter, acetylcholine. So, this is an incorrect answer.

Option (d) Hashimoto's disease: ectopic lymphoid tissue. A distinctive feature of Hashimoto disease is the formation of an ectopic lymphoid tissue which permits intensification of the autoimmune response that exacerbates this disease. So, this is an incorrect answer.

Option (e) ectodermal dystrophy: hair, fingernail, and teeth abnormalities. The manifestations of ectodermal dystrophy are abnormalities of hair, fingernail, and teeth. This disease is caused due to loss of tolerance of T-cells. So, this is an incorrect answer.

Option (f) immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, and X-linked syndrome: require hematopoietic stem cell transplant. Children with this syndrome suffer from recurrent infections that aggravate the autoimmunities. The infants are transplanted with hematopoietic stem cells from siblings which are HLA (human leukocyte antigen) identical. So, this is an incorrect answer.

Option (g) almost all autoimmune disease: association with HLA complex. Autoimmune disease occurs through a combination of developmental, environmental, and genetic factors. The genetic susceptibility is determined by HLA type in about most of the autoimmune diseases. So, this is an incorrect answer.

Conclusion

Graves' disease is not associated with antagonistic antibodies receptors. Hence, the correct answer is option (b).

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 16, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

Introduction:

Autoimmune diseases are the outcome of effector T-cells and the antibodies that attack healthy tissues as if they were pathogen infected. In an autoimmune disease, the immune system is not able to distinguish between self and non-self cells. Once an autoimmune response begins it generally continues throughout the life of the patient.

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer to Problem 1Q

Correct answer:

The correct answer is option (b).

Explanation of Solution

Explanation/justification for the correct answer:

Option (b) Graves's disease: receptor antagonistic antibodies. This is a mismatched pair because the autoantigen in Graves' disease is thyroid stimulating hormone receptor. The receptor antagonistic antibodies block the receptors and weaken the biological responses while in Graves' disease; thyroxine hormone is produced in large amounts. So, the correct answer is option (b).

Explanation for the incorrect answer:

Option (a) multiple sclerosis: demyelination in CNS (central nervous system). In multiple sclerosis myelin sheaths of nerve cells is attacked by effector cells to produce demyelinated nervous tissues in the white matter of CNS. So, this is an incorrect answer.

Option (c) myasthenia gravis: pyridostigmine drug treatment. The signaling at the neuromuscular junction from nerve to the muscle is impaired in this autoimmune disease. The drug pyridostigmine is used to treat myasthenia gravis as it prevents the degradation of neurotransmitter, acetylcholine. So, this is an incorrect answer.

Option (d) Hashimoto's disease: ectopic lymphoid tissue. A distinctive feature of Hashimoto disease is the formation of an ectopic lymphoid tissue which permits intensification of the autoimmune response that exacerbates this disease. So, this is an incorrect answer.

Option (e) ectodermal dystrophy: hair, fingernail, and teeth abnormalities. The manifestations of ectodermal dystrophy are abnormalities of hair, fingernail, and teeth. This disease is caused due to loss of tolerance of T-cells. So, this is an incorrect answer.

Option (f) immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, and X-linked syndrome: require hematopoietic stem cell transplant. Children with this syndrome suffer from recurrent infections that aggravate the autoimmunities. The infants are transplanted with hematopoietic stem cells from siblings which are HLA (human leukocyte antigen) identical. So, this is an incorrect answer.

Option (g) almost all autoimmune disease: association with HLA complex. Autoimmune disease occurs through a combination of developmental, environmental, and genetic factors. The genetic susceptibility is determined by HLA type in about most of the autoimmune diseases. So, this is an incorrect answer.

Conclusion

Graves' disease is not associated with antagonistic antibodies receptors. Hence, the correct answer is option (b).

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 16, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

Introduction:

Autoimmune diseases are the outcome of effector T-cells and the antibodies that attack healthy tissues as if they were pathogen infected. In an autoimmune disease, the immune system is not able to distinguish between self and non-self cells. Once an autoimmune response begins it generally continues throughout the life of the patient.

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer to Problem 1Q

Correct answer:

The correct answer is option (b).

Explanation of Solution

Explanation/justification for the correct answer:

Option (b) Graves's disease: receptor antagonistic antibodies. This is a mismatched pair because the autoantigen in Graves' disease is thyroid stimulating hormone receptor. The receptor antagonistic antibodies block the receptors and weaken the biological responses while in Graves' disease; thyroxine hormone is produced in large amounts. So, the correct answer is option (b).

Explanation for the incorrect answer:

Option (a) multiple sclerosis: demyelination in CNS (central nervous system). In multiple sclerosis myelin sheaths of nerve cells is attacked by effector cells to produce demyelinated nervous tissues in the white matter of CNS. So, this is an incorrect answer.

Option (c) myasthenia gravis: pyridostigmine drug treatment. The signaling at the neuromuscular junction from nerve to the muscle is impaired in this autoimmune disease. The drug pyridostigmine is used to treat myasthenia gravis as it prevents the degradation of neurotransmitter, acetylcholine. So, this is an incorrect answer.

Option (d) Hashimoto's disease: ectopic lymphoid tissue. A distinctive feature of Hashimoto disease is the formation of an ectopic lymphoid tissue which permits intensification of the autoimmune response that exacerbates this disease. So, this is an incorrect answer.

Option (e) ectodermal dystrophy: hair, fingernail, and teeth abnormalities. The manifestations of ectodermal dystrophy are abnormalities of hair, fingernail, and teeth. This disease is caused due to loss of tolerance of T-cells. So, this is an incorrect answer.

Option (f) immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, and X-linked syndrome: require hematopoietic stem cell transplant. Children with this syndrome suffer from recurrent infections that aggravate the autoimmunities. The infants are transplanted with hematopoietic stem cells from siblings which are HLA (human leukocyte antigen) identical. So, this is an incorrect answer.

Option (g) almost all autoimmune disease: association with HLA complex. Autoimmune disease occurs through a combination of developmental, environmental, and genetic factors. The genetic susceptibility is determined by HLA type in about most of the autoimmune diseases. So, this is an incorrect answer.

Conclusion

Graves' disease is not associated with antagonistic antibodies receptors. Hence, the correct answer is option (b).

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Answer 5

Chapter 16, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

Introduction:

Autoimmune diseases are the outcome of effector T-cells and the antibodies that attack healthy tissues as if they were pathogen infected. In an autoimmune disease, the immune system is not able to distinguish between self and non-self cells. Once an autoimmune response begins it generally continues throughout the life of the patient.

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer to Problem 1Q

Correct answer:

The correct answer is option (b).

Explanation of Solution

Explanation/justification for the correct answer:

Option (b) Graves's disease: receptor antagonistic antibodies. This is a mismatched pair because the autoantigen in Graves' disease is thyroid stimulating hormone receptor. The receptor antagonistic antibodies block the receptors and weaken the biological responses while in Graves' disease; thyroxine hormone is produced in large amounts. So, the correct answer is option (b).

Explanation for the incorrect answer:

Option (a) multiple sclerosis: demyelination in CNS (central nervous system). In multiple sclerosis myelin sheaths of nerve cells is attacked by effector cells to produce demyelinated nervous tissues in the white matter of CNS. So, this is an incorrect answer.

Option (c) myasthenia gravis: pyridostigmine drug treatment. The signaling at the neuromuscular junction from nerve to the muscle is impaired in this autoimmune disease. The drug pyridostigmine is used to treat myasthenia gravis as it prevents the degradation of neurotransmitter, acetylcholine. So, this is an incorrect answer.

Option (d) Hashimoto's disease: ectopic lymphoid tissue. A distinctive feature of Hashimoto disease is the formation of an ectopic lymphoid tissue which permits intensification of the autoimmune response that exacerbates this disease. So, this is an incorrect answer.

Option (e) ectodermal dystrophy: hair, fingernail, and teeth abnormalities. The manifestations of ectodermal dystrophy are abnormalities of hair, fingernail, and teeth. This disease is caused due to loss of tolerance of T-cells. So, this is an incorrect answer.

Option (f) immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, and X-linked syndrome: require hematopoietic stem cell transplant. Children with this syndrome suffer from recurrent infections that aggravate the autoimmunities. The infants are transplanted with hematopoietic stem cells from siblings which are HLA (human leukocyte antigen) identical. So, this is an incorrect answer.

Option (g) almost all autoimmune disease: association with HLA complex. Autoimmune disease occurs through a combination of developmental, environmental, and genetic factors. The genetic susceptibility is determined by HLA type in about most of the autoimmune diseases. So, this is an incorrect answer.

Conclusion

Graves' disease is not associated with antagonistic antibodies receptors. Hence, the correct answer is option (b).

Answer 6

Chapter 16, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

Introduction:

Autoimmune diseases are the outcome of effector T-cells and the antibodies that attack healthy tissues as if they were pathogen infected. In an autoimmune disease, the immune system is not able to distinguish between self and non-self cells. Once an autoimmune response begins it generally continues throughout the life of the patient.

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer to Problem 1Q

Correct answer:

The correct answer is option (b).

Explanation of Solution

Explanation/justification for the correct answer:

Option (b) Graves's disease: receptor antagonistic antibodies. This is a mismatched pair because the autoantigen in Graves' disease is thyroid stimulating hormone receptor. The receptor antagonistic antibodies block the receptors and weaken the biological responses while in Graves' disease; thyroxine hormone is produced in large amounts. So, the correct answer is option (b).

Explanation for the incorrect answer:

Option (a) multiple sclerosis: demyelination in CNS (central nervous system). In multiple sclerosis myelin sheaths of nerve cells is attacked by effector cells to produce demyelinated nervous tissues in the white matter of CNS. So, this is an incorrect answer.

Option (c) myasthenia gravis: pyridostigmine drug treatment. The signaling at the neuromuscular junction from nerve to the muscle is impaired in this autoimmune disease. The drug pyridostigmine is used to treat myasthenia gravis as it prevents the degradation of neurotransmitter, acetylcholine. So, this is an incorrect answer.

Option (d) Hashimoto's disease: ectopic lymphoid tissue. A distinctive feature of Hashimoto disease is the formation of an ectopic lymphoid tissue which permits intensification of the autoimmune response that exacerbates this disease. So, this is an incorrect answer.

Option (e) ectodermal dystrophy: hair, fingernail, and teeth abnormalities. The manifestations of ectodermal dystrophy are abnormalities of hair, fingernail, and teeth. This disease is caused due to loss of tolerance of T-cells. So, this is an incorrect answer.

Option (f) immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, and X-linked syndrome: require hematopoietic stem cell transplant. Children with this syndrome suffer from recurrent infections that aggravate the autoimmunities. The infants are transplanted with hematopoietic stem cells from siblings which are HLA (human leukocyte antigen) identical. So, this is an incorrect answer.

Option (g) almost all autoimmune disease: association with HLA complex. Autoimmune disease occurs through a combination of developmental, environmental, and genetic factors. The genetic susceptibility is determined by HLA type in about most of the autoimmune diseases. So, this is an incorrect answer.

Conclusion

Graves' disease is not associated with antagonistic antibodies receptors. Hence, the correct answer is option (b).

Answer 7

Chapter 16, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

Introduction:

Autoimmune diseases are the outcome of effector T-cells and the antibodies that attack healthy tissues as if they were pathogen infected. In an autoimmune disease, the immune system is not able to distinguish between self and non-self cells. Once an autoimmune response begins it generally continues throughout the life of the patient.

Answer 8

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer to Problem 1Q

Correct answer:

The correct answer is option (b).

Answer 9

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 10

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 11

Explanation of Solution

Explanation/justification for the correct answer:

Option (b) Graves's disease: receptor antagonistic antibodies. This is a mismatched pair because the autoantigen in Graves' disease is thyroid stimulating hormone receptor. The receptor antagonistic antibodies block the receptors and weaken the biological responses while in Graves' disease; thyroxine hormone is produced in large amounts. So, the correct answer is option (b).

Explanation for the incorrect answer:

Option (a) multiple sclerosis: demyelination in CNS (central nervous system). In multiple sclerosis myelin sheaths of nerve cells is attacked by effector cells to produce demyelinated nervous tissues in the white matter of CNS. So, this is an incorrect answer.

Option (c) myasthenia gravis: pyridostigmine drug treatment. The signaling at the neuromuscular junction from nerve to the muscle is impaired in this autoimmune disease. The drug pyridostigmine is used to treat myasthenia gravis as it prevents the degradation of neurotransmitter, acetylcholine. So, this is an incorrect answer.

Option (d) Hashimoto's disease: ectopic lymphoid tissue. A distinctive feature of Hashimoto disease is the formation of an ectopic lymphoid tissue which permits intensification of the autoimmune response that exacerbates this disease. So, this is an incorrect answer.

Option (e) ectodermal dystrophy: hair, fingernail, and teeth abnormalities. The manifestations of ectodermal dystrophy are abnormalities of hair, fingernail, and teeth. This disease is caused due to loss of tolerance of T-cells. So, this is an incorrect answer.

Option (f) immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, and X-linked syndrome: require hematopoietic stem cell transplant. Children with this syndrome suffer from recurrent infections that aggravate the autoimmunities. The infants are transplanted with hematopoietic stem cells from siblings which are HLA (human leukocyte antigen) identical. So, this is an incorrect answer.

Option (g) almost all autoimmune disease: association with HLA complex. Autoimmune disease occurs through a combination of developmental, environmental, and genetic factors. The genetic susceptibility is determined by HLA type in about most of the autoimmune diseases. So, this is an incorrect answer.