
Concept explainers
For each of the terms in the left column, choose the best matching phrase in the right column.
a. induction | 1. glucose prevents expression of catabolic operons |
b. repressor | 2. protein or RNA undergoes a reversible conformational change |
c. operator | 3. regulates translation of mRNAs in trans |
d. allostery | 4. RNA leader that regulates gene expression in response to a small molecule or ion |
e. operon | 5. site to which repressor binds |
f. catabolite | 6. termination of transcription elongation in repression response to translation |
g. reporter gene | 7. group of genes transcribed into one mRNA |
h. attenuation | 8. negative regulator |
i. sRNA |
9. a fusion of the regulatory region of one gene to the coding region of another gene whose product is assayed readily |
j. riboswitch | 10. stimulation of protein synthesis by a specific molecule |

1.
To determine:
The term that describes “glucose prevents expression of catabolic operons.”
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
glucose prevents expression of catabolic operons: catabolite repression.
Explanation of Solution
Catabolite repression is seen among microbes when both glucose and lactose are supplied in their growing environment. The presence of glucose suppresses the utilization of lactose.

2.
To determine:
The term that describes “protein or RNA undergoes a reversible conformational change.”
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Protein or RNA undergoes a reversible conformational change: allostery.
Explanation of Solution
Allostery means change in the conformation that is associated with the proteins involved in the regulation of a particular gene. The repressor molecule undergoes conformational change, which enables it to be relieved from the operator region and then promote transcription.

3.
To determine:
The term that describes “regulates transcription of mRNA in trans.”
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Regulates translation of mRNA in trans: sRNA
Explanation of Solution
sRNA, known as short ribo nucleic acid sequence are trans-acting molecules that regulate the expression of specific genes. When a sRNA molecule binds to the mRNA, it leads to the breakdown of transcribed mRNA molecule by the action of ribonuclease enzyme. The binding of sRNA to the mRNA molecule prevents the formation of stem and loops in the mRNA.

4.
To determine:
The term that describes “RNA leader that regulates gene expression in response to a small molecule or ion.”
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
RNA leader that regulates gene expression in response to a small molecule or ion: riboswitch.
Explanation of Solution
Riboswitch is an important part of RNA leader sequence that binds to specific molecules called effectors. The formation of stem and loop in the transcript of mRNA molecule plays an important role in the continuation and attenuation of transcription through the riboswitches.

5.
To determine:
The term that describes “site to which repressor binds.”
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Site to which repressor binds: operator.
Explanation of Solution
Operator is considered as the important part of the regulatory sequence of the gene. The repressor binds to the operator region of the regulatory gene and suppresses the process of transcription.

6.
To determine:
The term that describes “termination of transcription elongation in repression response to translation.”
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Termination of transcription elongation in repression response to translation: attenuation.
Explanation of Solution
Attenuation is a process that controls the regulation of anabolic pathways. When the substrate is available, the transcription continues further and transcribes the functional regions or shrugs off the mRNA completely.

7.
To determine:
The term that describes “group of genes transcribed into one mRNA.”
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Group of genes transcribed into one mRNA: operon.
Explanation of Solution
An operon is the set region found in the genome that consists of regulatory, structural, and functional portion. The structural region contains the promoter and operator whereas the functional region codes for the actual protein.

8.
To determine:
The term that describes “negative regulator.”
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Negative regulator: repressor.
Explanation of Solution
Repressor is a type of protein molecule which prevents the transcription of the particular gene associated with the regulatory parts of the gene.

9.
To determine:
The term that describes “a fusion of the regulatory region of one gene to the coding region of another gene whose product is assayed readily.”
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
A fusion of the regulatory region of one gene to the coding region of another gene whose product is assayed readily: reporter gene.
Explanation of Solution
The function of reporter genes is monitored through the regulatory regions of other well studied genes. Due to this reason, the regulatory region of the lactose operon is used in the expression system for analyzing and studying the expression of unknown genes.

10.
To determine:
The term that describes “stimulation of protein synthesis by a specific molecule.”
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Stimulation of protein synthesis by a specific molecule: induction.
Explanation of Solution
Induction is associated with the stimulation of protein synthesis by the process of transcription, where specific factor initiates the process of transcription.
Want to see more full solutions like this?
Chapter 16 Solutions
Genetics: From Genes to Genomes
- 1.Steroids like testosterone and estrogen are nonpolar and large (~18 carbons). Steroids diffuse through membranes without transporters. Compare and contrast the remaining substances and circle the three substances that can diffuse through a membrane the fastest, without a transporter. Put a square around the other substance that can also diffuse through a membrane (1000x slower but also without a transporter). Molecule Steroid H+ CO₂ Glucose (C6H12O6) H₂O Na+ N₂ Size (Small/Big) Big Nonpolar/Polar/ Nonpolar lonizedarrow_forwardwhat are the answer from the bookarrow_forwardwhat is lung cancer why plants removes liquid water intead water vapoursarrow_forward
- *Example 2: Tracing the path of an autosomal dominant trait Trait: Neurofibromatosis Forms of the trait: The dominant form is neurofibromatosis, caused by the production of an abnormal form of the protein neurofibromin. Affected individuals show spots of abnormal skin pigmentation and non-cancerous tumors that can interfere with the nervous system and cause blindness. Some tumors can convert to a cancerous form. i The recessive form is a normal protein - in other words, no neurofibromatosis.moovi A typical pedigree for a family that carries neurofibromatosis is shown below. Note that carriers are not indicated with half-colored shapes in this chart. Use the letter "N" to indicate the dominant neurofibromatosis allele, and the letter "n" for the normal allele. Nn nn nn 2 nn Nn A 3 N-arrow_forwardI want to be a super nutrition guy what u guys like recommend mearrow_forwardPlease finish the chart at the bottom. Some of the answers have been filled in.arrow_forward
- 9. Aerobic respiration of one lipid molecule. The lipid is composed of one glycerol molecule connected to two fatty acid tails. One fatty acid is 12 carbons long and the other fatty acid is 18 carbons long in the figure below. Use the information below to determine how much ATP will be produced from the glycerol part of the lipid. Then, in part B, determine how much ATP is produced from the 2 fatty acids of the lipid. Finally put the NADH and ATP yields together from the glycerol and fatty acids (part A and B) to determine your total number of ATP produced per lipid. Assume no other carbon source is available. 18 carbons fatty acids 12 carbons 9 glycerol A. Glycerol is broken down to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, a glycolysis intermediate via the following pathway shown in the figure below. Notice this process costs one ATP but generates one FADH2. Continue generating ATP with glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate using the standard pathway and aerobic respiration. glycerol glycerol-3- phosphate…arrow_forwardNormal dive (for diving humans) normal breathing dive normal breathing Oz level CO2 level urgent need to breathe Oz blackout zone high CO2 triggers breathing 6. This diagram shows rates of oxygen depletion and carbon dioxide accumulation in the blood in relation to the levels needed to maintain consciousness and trigger the urgent need to breathe in diving humans. How might the location and slope of the O₂ line differ for diving marine mammals such as whales and dolphins? • How might the location and slope of the CO₂ line differ for diving marine mammals such as whales and dolphins? • • Draw in predicted lines for O2 and CO2, based on your reasoning above. How might the location of the Urgent Need to Breathe line and the O2 Blackout Zone line differ for diving marine mammals? What physiological mechanisms account for each of these differences, resulting in the ability of marine mammals to stay submerged for long periods of time?arrow_forwardforaging/diet type teeth tongue stomach intestines cecum Insectivory numerous, spiky, incisors procumbentExample: moleExample: shrew -- simple short mostly lacking Myrmecophagy absent or reduced in numbers, peg-likeExample: tamandua anteater extremely long simple, often roughened short small or lacking Terrestrial carnivory sharp incisors; long, conical canines; often carnassial cheek teeth; may have crushing molarsExample: dog -- simple short small Aquatic carnivory homodont, spiky, numerousExample: common dolphin -- simple or multichambered (cetaceans only) variable small or absent Sanguinivory very sharp upper incisors; reduced cheek teethExample: vampire bat grooved tubular, highly extensible long small or lacking Herbivory (except nectivores) incisors robust or absent; canines reduced or absent; diastema; cheek teeth enlarged with complex occlusal surfacesExample: beaver -- simple (hindgut fermenters) or multichambered (ruminants) long large Filter feeding none…arrow_forward
- 3. Shown below is the dental formula and digestive tract anatomy of three mammalian species (A, B, and C). What kind of diet would you expect each species to have? Support your answers with what you can infer from the dental formula and what you can see in the diagram. Broadly speaking, what accounts for the differences? Species A 3/3, 1/1, 4/4, 3/3 པར『ན་ cm 30 Species B 4/3, 1/1, 2/2, 4/4 cm 10 Species C 0/4, 0/0,3/3, 3/3 020arrow_forward3. Shown below is the dental formula and digestive tract anatomy of three mammalian species (A, B, and C). What kind of diet would you expect each species to have? Support your answers with what you can infer from the dental formula and what you can see in the diagram. Broadly speaking, what accounts for the differences? Species A 3/3, 1/1, 4/4, 3/3 cm 30 Species B 0/4, 0/0, 3/3, 3/3 cm 10 Species C 4/3, 1/1, 2/2, 4/4 E 0 cm 20 AILarrow_forwardNormal dive (for diving humans) normal breathing dive normal breathing Oz level CO₂ level urgent need to breathe Oz blackout zone high CO₂ triggers breathing 6. This diagram shows rates of oxygen depletion and carbon dioxide accumulation in the blood in relation to the levels needed to maintain consciousness and trigger the urgent need to breathe in diving humans. • How might the location and slope of the O2 line differ for diving marine mammals such as whales and dolphins? • How might the location and slope of the CO2 line differ for diving marine mammals such as whales and dolphins? • • Draw in predicted lines for O2 and CO2, based on your reasoning above. How might the location of the Urgent Need to Breathe line and the O2 Blackout Zone line differ for diving marine mammals? What physiological mechanisms account for each of these differences, resulting in the ability of marine mammals to stay submerged for long periods of time?arrow_forward
- Biology (MindTap Course List)BiologyISBN:9781337392938Author:Eldra Solomon, Charles Martin, Diana W. Martin, Linda R. BergPublisher:Cengage LearningBiology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)BiologyISBN:9781305389892Author:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillanPublisher:Cengage Learning
- Concepts of BiologyBiologyISBN:9781938168116Author:Samantha Fowler, Rebecca Roush, James WisePublisher:OpenStax CollegeBiology: The Unity and Diversity of Life (MindTap...BiologyISBN:9781337408332Author:Cecie Starr, Ralph Taggart, Christine Evers, Lisa StarrPublisher:Cengage LearningBiology Today and Tomorrow without Physiology (Mi...BiologyISBN:9781305117396Author:Cecie Starr, Christine Evers, Lisa StarrPublisher:Cengage Learning





