Physics for Scientists and Engineers, Technology Update (No access codes included)
9th Edition
ISBN: 9781305116399
Author: Raymond A. Serway, John W. Jewett
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 16, Problem 16.6CQ
(a) If a long rope is hung from a ceiling and waves are sent up the rope from its lower end, why does the speed of the waxes change as they ascend? (b) Does the speed of the ascending waves increase or decrease? Explain.
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Question B3
Consider the following FLRW spacetime:
t2
ds² = -dt² +
(dx²
+ dy²+ dz²),
t2
where t is a constant.
a)
State whether this universe is spatially open, closed or flat.
[2 marks]
b) Determine the Hubble factor H(t), and represent it in a (roughly drawn) plot as a function
of time t, starting at t = 0.
[3 marks]
c) Taking galaxy A to be located at (x, y, z) = (0,0,0), determine the proper distance to galaxy
B located at (x, y, z) = (L, 0, 0). Determine the recessional velocity of galaxy B with respect
to galaxy A.
d) The Friedmann equations are
2
k
8πG
а
4πG
+
a²
(p+3p).
3
a
3
[5 marks]
Use these equations to determine the energy density p(t) and the pressure p(t) for the
FLRW spacetime specified at the top of the page.
[5 marks]
e) Given the result of question B3.d, state whether the FLRW universe in question is (i)
radiation-dominated, (ii) matter-dominated, (iii) cosmological-constant-dominated, or (iv)
none of the previous. Justify your answer.
f)
[5 marks]
A conformally…
SECTION B
Answer ONLY TWO questions in Section B
[Expect to use one single-sided A4 page for each Section-B sub question.]
Question B1
Consider the line element
where w is a constant.
ds²=-dt²+e2wt dx²,
a) Determine the components of the metric and of the inverse metric.
[2 marks]
b) Determine the Christoffel symbols. [See the Appendix of this document.]
[10 marks]
c)
Write down the geodesic equations.
[5 marks]
d) Show that e2wt it is a constant of geodesic motion.
[4 marks]
e)
Solve the geodesic equations for null geodesics.
[4 marks]
Page 2
SECTION A
Answer ALL questions in Section A
[Expect to use one single-sided A4 page for each Section-A sub question.]
Question A1
SPA6308 (2024)
Consider Minkowski spacetime in Cartesian coordinates th
=
(t, x, y, z), such that
ds² = dt² + dx² + dy² + dz².
(a) Consider the vector with components V" = (1,-1,0,0). Determine V and V. V.
(b) Consider now the coordinate system x' (u, v, y, z) such that
u =t-x,
v=t+x.
[2 marks]
Write down the line element, the metric, the Christoffel symbols and the Riemann curvature
tensor in the new coordinates. [See the Appendix of this document.]
[5 marks]
(c) Determine V", that is, write the object in question A1.a in the coordinate system x'. Verify
explicitly that V. V is invariant under the coordinate transformation.
Question A2
[5 marks]
Suppose that A, is a covector field, and consider the object
Fv=AAμ.
(a) Show explicitly that F is a tensor, that is, show that it transforms appropriately under a
coordinate transformation.
[5 marks]
(b)…
Chapter 16 Solutions
Physics for Scientists and Engineers, Technology Update (No access codes included)
Ch. 16 - Prob. 16.1QQCh. 16 - A sinusoidal wave of frequency f is traveling...Ch. 16 - The amplitude of a wave is doubled, with no other...Ch. 16 - Suppose you create a pulse by moving the free end...Ch. 16 - Which of the following, taken by itself, would be...Ch. 16 - If one end of a heavy rope is attached to one end...Ch. 16 - Prob. 16.2OQCh. 16 - Rank the waves represented by the following...Ch. 16 - By what factor would von have to multiply the...Ch. 16 - When all the strings on a guitar (Fig. OQ16.5) are...
Ch. 16 - Which of the following statements is not...Ch. 16 - Prob. 16.7OQCh. 16 - Prob. 16.8OQCh. 16 - The distance between two successive peaks of a...Ch. 16 - Prob. 16.1CQCh. 16 - (a) How would you create a longitudinal wave in a...Ch. 16 - When a pulse travels on a taut string, does it...Ch. 16 - Prob. 16.4CQCh. 16 - If you steadily shake one end of a taut rope three...Ch. 16 - (a) If a long rope is hung from a ceiling and...Ch. 16 - Why is a pulse on a string considered to be...Ch. 16 - Does the vertical speed of an element of a...Ch. 16 - In an earthquake, both S (transverse) and P...Ch. 16 - A seismographic station receives S and P waves...Ch. 16 - Ocean waves with a crest-to-crest distance of 10.0...Ch. 16 - At t = 0, a transverse pulse in a wire is...Ch. 16 - Two points A and B on the surface of the Earth are...Ch. 16 - A wave is described by y = 0.020 0 sin (kx - t),...Ch. 16 - A certain uniform string is held under constant...Ch. 16 - A sinusoidal wave is traveling along a rope. The...Ch. 16 - For a certain transverse wave, the distance...Ch. 16 - Prob. 16.9PCh. 16 - When a particular wire is vibrating with a...Ch. 16 - The string shown in Figure P16.11 is driven at a...Ch. 16 - Consider the sinusoidal wave of Example 16.2 with...Ch. 16 - Prob. 16.13PCh. 16 - (a) Plot y versus t at x = 0 for a sinusoidal wave...Ch. 16 - A transverse wave on a siring is described by the...Ch. 16 - A wave on a string is described by the wave...Ch. 16 - A sinusoidal wave is described by the wave...Ch. 16 - A sinusoidal wave traveling in the negative x...Ch. 16 - (a) Write the expression for y as a function of x...Ch. 16 - A transverse sinusoidal wave on a string has a...Ch. 16 - Review. The elastic limit of a steel wire is 2.70 ...Ch. 16 - A piano siring having a mass per unit length equal...Ch. 16 - Transverse waves travel with a speed of 20.0 m/s...Ch. 16 - A student taking a quiz finds on a reference sheet...Ch. 16 - An Ethernet cable is 4.00 in long. The cable has a...Ch. 16 - A transverse traveling wave on a taut wire has an...Ch. 16 - A steel wire of length 30.0 m and a copper wire of...Ch. 16 - Why is the following situation impossible? An...Ch. 16 - Tension is maintained in a string as in Figure...Ch. 16 - Review. A light string with a mass per unit length...Ch. 16 - Prob. 16.31PCh. 16 - In a region far from the epicenter of an...Ch. 16 - Transverse waves are being generated on a rope...Ch. 16 - Sinusoidal waves 5.00 cm in amplitude are to be...Ch. 16 - A sinusoidal wave on a string is described by die...Ch. 16 - A taut tope has a mass of 0.180 kg and a length...Ch. 16 - A long string carries a wave; a 6.00-m segment of...Ch. 16 - A horizontal string can transmit a maximum power...Ch. 16 - The wave function for a wave on a taut siring is...Ch. 16 - A two-dimensional water wave spreads in circular...Ch. 16 - Prob. 16.41PCh. 16 - Prob. 16.42PCh. 16 - Show that the wave function y = eb(x vt) is a...Ch. 16 - Prob. 16.44PCh. 16 - Prob. 16.45APCh. 16 - The wave is a particular type of pulse that can...Ch. 16 - A sinusoidal wave in a rope is described by the...Ch. 16 - The ocean floor in underlain by a layer of basalt...Ch. 16 - Review. A 2.00-kg I Jock hangs from a rubber cord,...Ch. 16 - Review. A block of mass M hangs from a rubber...Ch. 16 - A transverse wave on a sting described by the wave...Ch. 16 - A sinusoidal wave in a string is described by the...Ch. 16 - Review. A block of mass M, supported by a string,...Ch. 16 - An undersea earthquake or a landslide can produce...Ch. 16 - Review. A block of mass M = 0.450 kg is attached...Ch. 16 - Review. A block of mass M = 0.450 kg is attached...Ch. 16 - Prob. 16.57APCh. 16 - Prob. 16.58APCh. 16 - A wire of density is tapered so that its...Ch. 16 - A rope of total mass m and length L is suspended...Ch. 16 - Prob. 16.61APCh. 16 - Prob. 16.62APCh. 16 - Review. An aluminum wire is held between two...Ch. 16 - Assume an object of mass M is suspended from the...Ch. 16 - Prob. 16.65CPCh. 16 - A string on a musical instrument is held under...Ch. 16 - If a loop of chain is spun at high speed, it can...
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