Chapter 16, Problem 16.20P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Average rate over the entire experiment has to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Relative rates and stoichiometry: During a chemical reaction, amounts of reactant decrease with time and amounts of products increases.

$\text{Reaction Rate}\text{ = - }\frac{\text{1}}{\text{coefficient}}\frac{\text{Δ[reactants]}}{\text{Δt}}\text{ = +}\frac{\text{1}}{\text{coefficient}}\frac{\text{Δ[products]}}{\text{Δt}}$

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Average rate between $\text{2}\text{.0}\text{and}\text{4}\text{.0}\text{sec}$ has to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Relative rates and stoichiometry: During a chemical reaction, amounts of reactant decrease with time and amounts of products increases.

$\text{Reaction Rate}\text{ = - }\frac{\text{1}}{\text{coefficient}}\frac{\text{Δ[reactants]}}{\text{Δt}}\text{ = +}\frac{\text{1}}{\text{coefficient}}\frac{\text{Δ[products]}}{\text{Δt}}$

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Initial reaction rate has to be calculated using graphical method.

Concept introduction:

Rate law or rate equation: The relationship between the reactant concentrations and reaction rate is expressed by an equation.

$\begin{array}{l}\text{aA + bB}\to x\text{X}\\ \\ {\text{Rate of reaction = k [A]}}^{\text{m}}{\text{[B]}}^{\text{n}}\\ \\ \text{Total}\text{order}\text{of reaction = }\left(\text{m + n}\right).\end{array}$

$\text{Reaction Rate}\text{ = k }{\left[\text{A}\right]}^{\text{m}}{\left[\text{B}\right]}^{\text{n}}{\left[\text{C}\right]}^{\text{p}}\text{,where 'm, n and p' are orders of the reactants}\text{.}$

Order of a reaction: The order of a reaction with respect to a particular reactant is the exponent of its concentration term in the rate law expression, and the overall reaction order is the sum of the exponents on all concentration terms.

Rate constant, k: It is a proportionality constant that relates rate and concentration at a given temperature.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Rate of reaction at $\text{7}\text{.0}\text{sec}$ has to be calculated using the graphical method.

Concept introduction:

Rate law or rate equation: The relationship between the reactant concentrations and reaction rate is expressed by an equation.

$\begin{array}{l}\text{aA + bB}\to x\text{X}\\ \\ {\text{Rate of reaction = k [A]}}^{\text{m}}{\text{[B]}}^{\text{n}}\\ \\ \text{Total}\text{order}\text{of reaction = }\left(\text{m + n}\right).\end{array}$

$\text{Reaction Rate}\text{ = k }{\left[\text{A}\right]}^{\text{m}}{\left[\text{B}\right]}^{\text{n}}{\left[\text{C}\right]}^{\text{p}}\text{,where 'm, n and p' are orders of the reactants}\text{.}$

Order of a reaction: The order of a reaction with respect to a particular reactant is the exponent of its concentration term in the rate law expression, and the overall reaction order is the sum of the exponents on all concentration terms.

Rate constant, k: It is a proportionality constant that relates rate and concentration at a given temperature.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Particular time the instantaneous rate equal the average rate over the entire experiment has to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Rate law or rate equation: The relationship between the reactant concentrations and reaction rate is expressed by an equation.

$\begin{array}{l}\text{aA + bB}\to x\text{X}\\ \\ {\text{Rate of reaction = k [A]}}^{\text{m}}{\text{[B]}}^{\text{n}}\\ \\ \text{Total}\text{order}\text{of reaction = }\left(\text{m + n}\right).\end{array}$

$\text{Reaction Rate}\text{ = k }{\left[\text{A}\right]}^{\text{m}}{\left[\text{B}\right]}^{\text{n}}{\left[\text{C}\right]}^{\text{p}}\text{,where 'm, n and p' are orders of the reactants}\text{.}$

Order of a reaction: The order of a reaction with respect to a particular reactant is the exponent of its concentration term in the rate law expression, and the overall reaction order is the sum of the exponents on all concentration terms.

Rate constant, k: It is a proportionality constant that relates rate and concentration at a given temperature.