Concept explainers
The Paper “Women’s and Men’s Eating Behavior Following Exposure to Ideal-Body Images and Text” (Communication Research [2006]: 507–529) describes an experiment in which 74 men were assigned at random to one of four treatments:
- 1. Viewed slides of fit, muscular men
- 2. Viewed slides of fit, muscular men accompanied by diet and fitness-related text
- 3. Viewed slides of fit, muscular men accompanied by text not related to diet and fitness
- 4. Did not view any slides
The participants then went to a room to complete a questionnaire. In this room, bowls of pretzels were set out on the tables. A research assistant noted how many pretzels were consumed by each participant while completing the questionnaire. Data consistent with summary quantities given in the paper are given in the accompanying table.
Do these data provide convincing evidence that the means for the numbers of pretzels consumed are not the same for all four treatments? Test the relevant hypotheses using a significance level of 0.05.
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Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis
- What is meant by the sample space of an experiment?arrow_forwardWhat is an experiment?arrow_forwardThis exercise uses data from a study designed to examine the effect of doing synchronized movements (such as marching in step or doing synchronized dance steps) and the effect of exertion on many different variables, such as pain tolerance and attitudes towards others. In the study, 264 high school students in Brazil were randomly assigned to one of four groups reflecting whether or not movements were synchronized (Synch = yes or no) and level of activity (Exertion = high or low).1 Participants rated how close they felt to others in their group both before (CloseBefore) and after (CloseAfter) the activity, using a 7-point scale (least close to most close). Participants also had their pain tolerance measured using pressure from a blood pressure cuff, by indicating when the pressure became too uncomfortable (up to a maximum pressure of 300 mmHg). Higher numbers for this PainTolerance measure indicate higher pain tolerance. The full dataset is available in SynchronizedMovement.What…arrow_forward
- In a study examining the effect of humor on interpersonal attractions, McGee and Shevlin (2009) found that a man’s sense of humor had a significant effect on how he was perceived by women. In the study, female college students were given brief descriptions of a potential romantic partner and then rated the attractiveness of the male on a scale from 1 (low) to 7 (high). The fictitious male was described positively as being single, ambitious, and having good job prospects. In one condition, the description also said that he had a great sense of humor. The results showed that the description was rated significantly higher when “a sense of humor” was included. To examine this effect further, a researcher selected a sample of n = 16 college males and asked them to read a brief description of a female and then rate the attractiveness of the woman in the description. The description had been used in previous research but was modified by adding a statement describing a good sense of humor.…arrow_forwardResearcher conducts an independent-measures, two-factor study with two levels of Factor A and three levels of Factor B, using a sample of N=10 participants in each treatment condition. a. What are the df values for the F-ratio evaluating the main effect of factor A? B. What are the df values for the F-ratio evaluating the main effect of factor B? C. what are the df values for the F-ratio evaluating the interaction?arrow_forwardDr. Guidry conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in Nashville, Tennessee (the state capital), located in the southern United States. Dr. Guidry submits her study for publication in a scientific journal. If one of the peer reviewers is concerned about the external validity of her study, which of the following is the most important aspect of Dr. Guidry's study to consider? the number of significant findings the random sampling technique used to recruit the participants the number of people in the sample the use of three measured variablesarrow_forward
- McAllister, et al. (2012) compared varsity football and hockey players with varsity athletes from noncontact sports to determine whether exposure to head impacts during one season have an effect on cognitive performance. In the study, tests of new learning performance were significantly poorer for the contact sport athletes compared to the noncontact sport athletes. The following table presents data similar to the results obtained in the study. Noncontact Athletes Contact Athletes 10 7 8 4 7 9 9 3 13 7 7 6 6 10 12 2 Are the neurological test scores significantly lower for the contact athletes than for the noncontact athletes in the control group? Use a one-tailed test with α = .05. Compute the value of r² (percentage of variance accounted for) for these data.arrow_forwardA study investigating the effect of student gender on poor academic performance (measured as having a grade of B or lower) at the University of Colorado reported that 17% of male students had poor performance and that 11% of female students had poor performance. Given this information, can we determine if there is an association between sex and academic performance? (Choose the one best answer). Group of answer choices Yes, female students have a lower rate of poor academic performance therefore poor academic performance is associated with being a female student. No, male students only have a slightly higher prevalence of poor academic performance compared to female students and therefore there is no association between poor performance and gender. Yes, male students have a higher rate of poor academic performance therefore poor academic performance is associated with being a male student. No, the prevalence values alone cannot be used to assess an association between…arrow_forwardAs part of a long-term study of individuals 65 years of age or older, sociologists and physicians at the Wentworth Medical Center in upstate New York investigated the relationship between geographic location and depression. A sample of 60 individuals, all in reasonably good health, was selected; 20 individuals were residents of Florida, 20 were residents of New York, and 20 were residents of North Carolina. Each of the individuals sampled was given a standardized test to measure depression. Higher test scores indicate higher levels of depression. A second part of the study considered the relationship between geographic location and depression for individuals 65 years of age or older who had a chronic health condition such as arthritis, hypertension, and/or heart ailment. A sample of 60 individuals with such conditions was identified. Again, 20 were residents of Florida, 20 were residents of New York, and 20 were residents of North Carolina. Prepare a managerial report that summarizes…arrow_forward
- To study the effectiveness of possible treatments for insomnia, a sleep researcher conducted a study in which four participants were instructed to count sheep (the Sheep Condition), four were told to concentrate on their breathing (the Breathing Condition), and four were not given any special instructions (the Control Condition). The average number of minutes taken for participants to fall asleep over the next seven days were 39, 33, 42, and 38 minutes for the Sheep condition; 33, 25, 31, and 27 minutes for the Breathing condition; and 44, 41, 38, and 41 for the Control condition. The researcher obtained this omnibus one-way ANOVA result: F (2, 9) = 14.04, p < .01 where Sheep: M = 38, S2 = 14; Breathing: M = 29, S2 = 13.33; Control: M = 41, S2 = 6, Explain what that result means in relation to the researcher’s original question. Further, the researcher conducted a planned contrast between the means for those in the Sheep Condition versus those in the Breathing Condition and found F…arrow_forwardThe paper “Contemporary College Students and Body Piercing” (Journal of Adolescent Health [2004]: 58-61) described a survey of 450 undergraduate students at a state university in the southwest region of the United States. Each student in the sample was classified according to class standing (freshman, sophomore, junior, or senior) and body art category (body piercings only, tattoos only, both tattoos and body piercings, no body art). Use the data in the accompanying table to determine if there is evidence that there is an association between class standing and response to the body art question. Assume that it is reasonable to regard the sample of students as representative of the students at this university. Use α = .01.arrow_forwardThe Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children (HSBC) network collects data on various behaviors of preteen and teenage children. In 2006, the HSBC network surveyed a randomly selected sample of 638 preteen and teenage boys in Greenland to determine what proportion of students were bullied at least twice per month in the previous few months. In the sample, 147 students were bullied at least twice per month, and 491 students were bullied less than twice per month. The HSBC network wants to construct a 95% confidence interval for p, the proportion of preteen and teenage boys who are bullied at least twice per month in Greenland. Have the requirements for a large-sample z-confidence interval been met? Mark all of the following requirements that have been met with yes, and the requirements that have not been met with no. O O The sample is a simple random sample. The parameter of interest is categorical with two possible outcomes, which are considered success and failure. When the sample…arrow_forward
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