PRINCIPLES OF ANATOMY+PHYSIOLOGY
16th Edition
ISBN: 9781119821823
Author: Tortora
Publisher: WILEY C
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Chapter 15, Problem 3CP
Summary Introduction
To review:
The reason as to why the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) is called the thoracolumbar division even when it extends to the sacral region from the cervical region.
Introduction:
Each and every division of the ANS is composed of two motor neurons. The first motor neuron has the cell body in the spinal cord or the brain and is called preganglionic neuron. The axon of this neuron exits the central nervous system (CNS) and extends to the autonomic ganglion. The second neuron is known as postganglionic neuron that synapses with the preganglionic neuron and extends till the visceral effector.
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Why does the sympathetic division produce simultaneous effects throughout the body, in contrast to parasympathetic effects, which typically are localized to specific organs?
Why is sympathetic action diffuse and long lasting, while parasympathetic is local and short-lived? What would happen to body systems during a stressful situation if these characteristics were reversed?
Why is the parasympathetic division of the ANS sometimes referred to as the anabolic system?
Chapter 15 Solutions
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- Collateral sympathetic ganglia are involved with the innervation of the (a) abdominal organs, (b) thoracic organs, (c) head, (d) arrector pili, (e) all of these.arrow_forwardWhich nerves does not contain the sympathetic fibers?arrow_forwardwhich division of the ANS is also called the thoracolumbar division? Why?arrow_forward
- The limbic system is composed of several interconnected structures including the olfactory bulbs, amygdala, hypothalamus, hippocampus, parahippocampal gyrus, cingulate gyrus, subcallosal gyrus, septal nuclei, mammillary bodies, and the thalamus. Pair each of these structures with their function listed below: -This limbic area is active when you are trying to memorize the names of brain areas. It is also severely atrophied in people suffering from late stages of Alzheimer’s Disease. -This limbic area is active when you are watching something that makes you feel sad. -This limbic area is active when you feel thirsty. -When the activity of this limbic area is increased you feel a sense of pleasure. -When this limbic area is damaged it often results in patients experiencing anterograde amnesia. -Damage to this limbic structure while rare often results in patients going into a coma. -This cortical limbic structure plays a large role in motivation and movement and has recently been…arrow_forwardHow can the sympathetic division cause smooth muscle torelax in some organs but contract in others?arrow_forwardWhat is the difference between sympathetic trunk ganglia and prevertebral ganglia?arrow_forward
- Why do sympathetic effects last longer than parasympathetic effects?arrow_forwardThe ANS is subdivided into sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. Review the differences between these two divisions by filling in the table below: Characteristic Sympathetic or Parasympathetic? Calms you down — "rest and digest" ["", ""] Pumps you up — "fight or flight" ["", ""] Preganglionic neuron long, postganglionic neuron short ["", ""] Preganglionic neuron short, postganglionic neuron long ["", ""] Arises from cranial or sacral spinal nerves ["", ""] Arises from spinal nerves T1-L2 ["", ""] Synapses near the spinal cord ["", ""] Synapses near the target organ ["", ""] Increases heart and respiratory rate ["", ""] Stimulates…arrow_forwardPaul ate a big lunch and then decided to jog a mile, which was not a very good idea. His digestive system was put “on hold” while his sympathetic nervous system was stimulated to run. Trace the sympathetic pathway from the lateral gray horn of the spinal cord to the stomach.1. Identify the nerve that the preganglionic axons form.2. Name the effector (the tissue within the organ that is innervated by the postganglionic neuron).Burke is in the final 100 yards of a race with an opponent at his heels. His sympathetic nervous system is stimulating his adrenal medullae. Trace the sympathetic pathway from the lateral gray horn of the spinal cord to the adrenal medulla.3. Name the sympathetic ganglia in which the preganglionic axons synapse.arrow_forward
- Describe the sympathetic response in a frightening situationfor each of the following body parts: hair follicles, iris of eye,lungs, spleen, adrenal medullae, urinary bladder, stomach,intestines, gallbladder, liver, heart, arterioles of the abdominalviscera, and arterioles of skeletal muscles.arrow_forwardWhich of the following is the best way to describe how the ANS is controlled? (a) completely under control of voluntary cerebral cortex, (b) entirely controls itself, (c) completely under control of brain stem, (d) little control by cerebrum, major control by hypothalamus and amygdaloid body, and major control by spinal and peripheral reflexes.arrow_forwardThe middle cerebral artery (MCA) is the most common of the cerebral arteries to be affected by stroke. A patient is sent in to emergency with difficulty speaking and weakness in her right arm. She is able to follow instructions, but is unable to speak. When the doctor asks her to hold both of her arms up in front of her, her Right arm slowly drifts back down to her side. What SPECIFIC area of the brain must be affected in order to cause the weakness?arrow_forward
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