Pearson eText Fundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry -- Instant Access (Pearson+)
8th Edition
ISBN: 9780135213759
Author: John McMurry, David Ballantine
Publisher: PEARSON+
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Chapter 15, Problem 15.25UKC
Interpretation Introduction
Interpretation:
The ketal and an acetal molecule structural difference should be explained. The each structure should be draw.
Concept Introduction:
Ketal: A
Ketal: A carbon group bearing two alkyl group and two alkoxy groups is called as ketol.
Acetal: An acetal is a functional group with the following connectivity
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The standard free energy, AGO, of hydrolysis of inorganic polyphosphate, polyP, is about −20 kJ/mol for each P; released. In a
cell, it takes about 50 kJ/mol of energy to synthesize ATP from ADP and Pi.
○
P
O
Inorganic polyphosphate (polyP)
Is it feasible for a cell to use polyP to synthesize ATP from ADP? Why or why not?
No. The reaction is unidirectional and always proceeds in the direction of polyP synthesis from ATP.
Yes. If [ADP] and [polyP] are kept high, and [ATP] is kept low, the actual free-energy change would be negative.
No. The synthesis of ATP from ADP and P; has a large positive G'o compared to polyP hydrolysis.
Yes. The hydrolysis of polyP has a sufficiently negative AG to overcome the positive AGO of ATP synthesis.
Correct Answer
In the glycolytic pathway, a six-carbon sugar (fructose 1,6-bisphosphate) is cleaved to form two three-carbon sugars, which
undergo further metabolism. In this pathway, an isomerization of glucose 6-phosphate to fructose 6-phosphate (as shown in the
diagram) occurs two steps before the cleavage reaction. The intervening step is phosphorylation of fructose 6-phosphate to
fructose 1,6-bisphosphate.
H
H
|
H-C-OH
H-C-OH
C=0
HO-C-H
HO-C-H
phosphohexose
isomerase
H-C-OH
H-C-OH
H-C-OH
H-C-OH
CH₂OPO
CH₂OPO
Glucose 6-phosphate
Fructose 6-phosphate
What does the isomerization step accomplish from a chemical perspective?
Isomerization alters the molecular formula of the compound, allowing for subsequent phosphorylation.
Isomerization moves the carbonyl group, setting up a cleavage between the central carbons.
Isomerization causes the gain of electrons, allowing for the eventual release of NADH.
Isomerization reactions cause the direct production of energy in the form of ATP.
From data in the table, calculate the AG value for the reactions.
Reaction
AG' (kJ/mol)
Phosphocreatine + H₂O →>> creatine + P
-43.0
ADP + Pi → ATP + H₂O
+30.5
Fructose +P → fructose 6-phosphate + H₂O
+15.9
Phosphocreatine + ADP creatine + ATP
AG'O
ATP + fructose → ADP + fructose 6-phosphate
AG'°
kJ/mol
kJ/mol
Chapter 15 Solutions
Pearson eText Fundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry -- Instant Access (Pearson+)
Ch. 15.1 - Prob. 15.1PCh. 15.1 - Prob. 15.2PCh. 15.2 - Draw structures corresponding to the following...Ch. 15.2 - Prob. 15.1CIAPCh. 15.2 - Prob. 15.2CIAPCh. 15.2 - Prob. 15.4PCh. 15.2 - Draw the line structures and provide common names...Ch. 15.2 - Prob. 15.6KCPCh. 15.3 - For each compound shown next (ad), indicate...Ch. 15.3 - Prob. 15.8KCP
Ch. 15.4 - Prob. 15.9KCPCh. 15.5 - Indicate whether the following compounds will give...Ch. 15.6 - Draw line structures of the following compounds...Ch. 15.6 - Prob. 15.12PCh. 15.7 - Prob. 15.13PCh. 15.7 - Prob. 15.14PCh. 15.7 - Prob. 15.15PCh. 15.7 - Draw the structure of each acetal or ketal final...Ch. 15.7 - Prob. 15.17PCh. 15.7 - Prob. 15.18PCh. 15.7 - Prob. 15.19PCh. 15.7 - Prob. 15.1MRPCh. 15.7 - Prob. 15.2MRPCh. 15.7 - Prob. 15.3MRPCh. 15.7 - Prob. 15.3CIAPCh. 15.7 - (a) What are mirotubules? (b) Why would drugs that...Ch. 15.7 - Tetrodotoxin, found in the puffer fish, has been...Ch. 15 - Prob. 15.20UKCCh. 15 - Prob. 15.21UKCCh. 15 - Prob. 15.22UKCCh. 15 - Prob. 15.23UKCCh. 15 - Prob. 15.24UKCCh. 15 - Prob. 15.25UKCCh. 15 - ALDEHYDESAND KETONES (SECTIONS 15.1 AND 15.2)...Ch. 15 - Draw a structure for a compound that meets each of...Ch. 15 - Prob. 15.28APCh. 15 - Prob. 15.29APCh. 15 - Draw structures corresponding to the following...Ch. 15 - Draw structures corresponding to the following...Ch. 15 - Prob. 15.32APCh. 15 - Prob. 15.33APCh. 15 - The following names are incorrect. What is wrong...Ch. 15 - Prob. 15.35APCh. 15 - Prob. 15.36APCh. 15 - Prob. 15.37APCh. 15 - Prob. 15.38APCh. 15 - Prob. 15.39APCh. 15 - Prob. 15.40APCh. 15 - Draw the structures of the aldehydes that might be...Ch. 15 - Write the structures of the hemiacetal or...Ch. 15 - Write the structures of the hemiacetal or...Ch. 15 - Prob. 15.44APCh. 15 - Prob. 15.45APCh. 15 - Prob. 15.46APCh. 15 - Prob. 15.47APCh. 15 - Prob. 15.48APCh. 15 - Prob. 15.49APCh. 15 - Prob. 15.50CPCh. 15 - Prob. 15.51CPCh. 15 - Prob. 15.52CPCh. 15 - Prob. 15.53CPCh. 15 - Prob. 15.54CPCh. 15 - Name the following compounds: (a) (b) (c) (be sure...Ch. 15 - Draw the structural formulas of the following...Ch. 15 - Prob. 15.57CPCh. 15 - Complete the following equations (refer to Summary...Ch. 15 - Prob. 15.59CPCh. 15 - How could you differentiate between 3-hexanol and...Ch. 15 - The liquids 1-butanol and butanal have similar...Ch. 15 - Prob. 15.62CPCh. 15 - Prob. 15.63GPCh. 15 - Prob. 15.64GPCh. 15 - Using the ketone structural form of fructose...Ch. 15 - Prob. 15.66GP
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