(a) Interpretation: Which of the two spectra in Your Turn 15.17 most likely corresponds to nitrile, is to be explained. Concept introduction: IR spectroscopy enables us to identify different functional groups in the molecule. One of the greatest advantages of IR spectroscopy is that the frequency of a particular type of vibration is typically found within a characteristic range of frequencies, regardless of the functional group with which the vibration is associated. The fact that absorptions by certain vibrations appear with characteristic frequency ranges enables us to use IR spectroscopy to obtain structural information about a molecule. The absorption band for C ≡ C bond appears as a sharp band in the range of 2100 − 2260 cm − 1 and for C ≡ N bond appears sharp band in the range of 2210 − 2260 cm − 1 . So, they both appear nearly in the same region. The presence of any of these two functional can be determined based on their relative absorption intensities. The nitrile RC ≡ N stretches have moderate absorption intensities due to large bond dipole whereas alkyne RC ≡ CR stretches have weak absorption intensities due to small bond dipole.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 15, Problem 15.24P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

Which of the two spectra in Your Turn 15.17 most likely corresponds to nitrile, is to be explained.

Concept introduction:

IR spectroscopy enables us to identify different functional groups in the molecule.

One of the greatest advantages of IR spectroscopy is that the frequency of a particular type of vibration is typically found within a characteristic range of frequencies, regardless of the functional group with which the vibration is associated. The fact that absorptions by certain vibrations appear with characteristic frequency ranges enables us to use IR spectroscopy to obtain structural information about a molecule. The absorption band for C≡C bond appears as a sharp band in the range of 2100−2260 cm−1 and for C≡N bond appears sharp band in the range of 2210−2260 cm−1. So, they both appear nearly in the same region. The presence of any of these two functional can be determined based on their relative absorption intensities. The nitrile RC≡N stretches have moderate absorption intensities due to large bond dipole whereas alkyne RC≡CR stretches have weak absorption intensities due to small bond dipole.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The alkyne most likely internal or terminal in the two spectra given in your turn 15.17, it is to be explained.

Concept introduction:

IR spectroscopy enables to identify different functional groups in the molecule.

One of the greatest advantages of IR spectroscopy is that the frequency of a particular type of vibration is typically found within a characteristic range of frequencies, regardless of the functional group with which the vibration is associated. The fact that absorptions by certain vibrations appear with characteristic frequency ranges enables us to use IR spectroscopy to obtain structural information about a molecule. The absorption band for C≡C bond appears as a sharp band in the range of 2100−2260 cm−1. The presence of terminal alkyne can be determined based on alkyne C−H peak around ∼3300 cm−1.

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#1. Retro-Electrochemical Reaction: A ring has been made, but the light is causing the molecule to un- cyclize. Undo the ring into all possible molecules. (2pts, no partial credit) hv

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I have a question about this problem involving mechanisms and drawing curved arrows for acids and bases. I know we need to identify the nucleophile and electrophile, but are there different types of reactions? For instance, what about Grignard reagents and other types that I might not be familiar with? Can you help me with this? I want to identify the names of the mechanisms for problems 1-14, such as Gilman reagents and others. Are they all the same? Also, could you rewrite it so I can better understand? The handwriting is pretty cluttered. Additionally, I need to label the nucleophile and electrophile, but my main concern is whether those reactions differ, like the "Brønsted-Lowry acid-base mechanism, Lewis acid-base mechanism, acid-catalyzed mechanisms, acid-catalyzed reactions, base-catalyzed reactions, nucleophilic substitution mechanisms (SN1 and SN2), elimination reactions (E1 and E2), organometallic mechanisms, and so forth."

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 15, Problem 15.24P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

Which of the two spectra in Your Turn 15.17 most likely corresponds to nitrile, is to be explained.

Concept introduction:

IR spectroscopy enables us to identify different functional groups in the molecule.

One of the greatest advantages of IR spectroscopy is that the frequency of a particular type of vibration is typically found within a characteristic range of frequencies, regardless of the functional group with which the vibration is associated. The fact that absorptions by certain vibrations appear with characteristic frequency ranges enables us to use IR spectroscopy to obtain structural information about a molecule. The absorption band for C≡C bond appears as a sharp band in the range of 2100−2260 cm−1 and for C≡N bond appears sharp band in the range of 2210−2260 cm−1. So, they both appear nearly in the same region. The presence of any of these two functional can be determined based on their relative absorption intensities. The nitrile RC≡N stretches have moderate absorption intensities due to large bond dipole whereas alkyne RC≡CR stretches have weak absorption intensities due to small bond dipole.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The alkyne most likely internal or terminal in the two spectra given in your turn 15.17, it is to be explained.

Concept introduction:

IR spectroscopy enables to identify different functional groups in the molecule.

One of the greatest advantages of IR spectroscopy is that the frequency of a particular type of vibration is typically found within a characteristic range of frequencies, regardless of the functional group with which the vibration is associated. The fact that absorptions by certain vibrations appear with characteristic frequency ranges enables us to use IR spectroscopy to obtain structural information about a molecule. The absorption band for C≡C bond appears as a sharp band in the range of 2100−2260 cm−1. The presence of terminal alkyne can be determined based on alkyne C−H peak around ∼3300 cm−1.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 15, Problem 15.24P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

Which of the two spectra in Your Turn 15.17 most likely corresponds to nitrile, is to be explained.

Concept introduction:

IR spectroscopy enables us to identify different functional groups in the molecule.

One of the greatest advantages of IR spectroscopy is that the frequency of a particular type of vibration is typically found within a characteristic range of frequencies, regardless of the functional group with which the vibration is associated. The fact that absorptions by certain vibrations appear with characteristic frequency ranges enables us to use IR spectroscopy to obtain structural information about a molecule. The absorption band for C≡C bond appears as a sharp band in the range of 2100−2260 cm−1 and for C≡N bond appears sharp band in the range of 2210−2260 cm−1. So, they both appear nearly in the same region. The presence of any of these two functional can be determined based on their relative absorption intensities. The nitrile RC≡N stretches have moderate absorption intensities due to large bond dipole whereas alkyne RC≡CR stretches have weak absorption intensities due to small bond dipole.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The alkyne most likely internal or terminal in the two spectra given in your turn 15.17, it is to be explained.

Concept introduction:

IR spectroscopy enables to identify different functional groups in the molecule.

One of the greatest advantages of IR spectroscopy is that the frequency of a particular type of vibration is typically found within a characteristic range of frequencies, regardless of the functional group with which the vibration is associated. The fact that absorptions by certain vibrations appear with characteristic frequency ranges enables us to use IR spectroscopy to obtain structural information about a molecule. The absorption band for C≡C bond appears as a sharp band in the range of 2100−2260 cm−1. The presence of terminal alkyne can be determined based on alkyne C−H peak around ∼3300 cm−1.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 15, Problem 15.24P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

Which of the two spectra in Your Turn 15.17 most likely corresponds to nitrile, is to be explained.

Concept introduction:

IR spectroscopy enables us to identify different functional groups in the molecule.

One of the greatest advantages of IR spectroscopy is that the frequency of a particular type of vibration is typically found within a characteristic range of frequencies, regardless of the functional group with which the vibration is associated. The fact that absorptions by certain vibrations appear with characteristic frequency ranges enables us to use IR spectroscopy to obtain structural information about a molecule. The absorption band for C≡C bond appears as a sharp band in the range of 2100−2260 cm−1 and for C≡N bond appears sharp band in the range of 2210−2260 cm−1. So, they both appear nearly in the same region. The presence of any of these two functional can be determined based on their relative absorption intensities. The nitrile RC≡N stretches have moderate absorption intensities due to large bond dipole whereas alkyne RC≡CR stretches have weak absorption intensities due to small bond dipole.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The alkyne most likely internal or terminal in the two spectra given in your turn 15.17, it is to be explained.

Concept introduction:

IR spectroscopy enables to identify different functional groups in the molecule.

One of the greatest advantages of IR spectroscopy is that the frequency of a particular type of vibration is typically found within a characteristic range of frequencies, regardless of the functional group with which the vibration is associated. The fact that absorptions by certain vibrations appear with characteristic frequency ranges enables us to use IR spectroscopy to obtain structural information about a molecule. The absorption band for C≡C bond appears as a sharp band in the range of 2100−2260 cm−1. The presence of terminal alkyne can be determined based on alkyne C−H peak around ∼3300 cm−1.

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Answer 5

Chapter 15, Problem 15.24P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

Which of the two spectra in Your Turn 15.17 most likely corresponds to nitrile, is to be explained.

Concept introduction:

IR spectroscopy enables us to identify different functional groups in the molecule.

One of the greatest advantages of IR spectroscopy is that the frequency of a particular type of vibration is typically found within a characteristic range of frequencies, regardless of the functional group with which the vibration is associated. The fact that absorptions by certain vibrations appear with characteristic frequency ranges enables us to use IR spectroscopy to obtain structural information about a molecule. The absorption band for C≡C bond appears as a sharp band in the range of 2100−2260 cm−1 and for C≡N bond appears sharp band in the range of 2210−2260 cm−1. So, they both appear nearly in the same region. The presence of any of these two functional can be determined based on their relative absorption intensities. The nitrile RC≡N stretches have moderate absorption intensities due to large bond dipole whereas alkyne RC≡CR stretches have weak absorption intensities due to small bond dipole.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The alkyne most likely internal or terminal in the two spectra given in your turn 15.17, it is to be explained.

Concept introduction:

IR spectroscopy enables to identify different functional groups in the molecule.

One of the greatest advantages of IR spectroscopy is that the frequency of a particular type of vibration is typically found within a characteristic range of frequencies, regardless of the functional group with which the vibration is associated. The fact that absorptions by certain vibrations appear with characteristic frequency ranges enables us to use IR spectroscopy to obtain structural information about a molecule. The absorption band for C≡C bond appears as a sharp band in the range of 2100−2260 cm−1. The presence of terminal alkyne can be determined based on alkyne C−H peak around ∼3300 cm−1.

Answer 6

Chapter 15, Problem 15.24P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

Which of the two spectra in Your Turn 15.17 most likely corresponds to nitrile, is to be explained.

Concept introduction:

IR spectroscopy enables us to identify different functional groups in the molecule.

One of the greatest advantages of IR spectroscopy is that the frequency of a particular type of vibration is typically found within a characteristic range of frequencies, regardless of the functional group with which the vibration is associated. The fact that absorptions by certain vibrations appear with characteristic frequency ranges enables us to use IR spectroscopy to obtain structural information about a molecule. The absorption band for C≡C bond appears as a sharp band in the range of 2100−2260 cm−1 and for C≡N bond appears sharp band in the range of 2210−2260 cm−1. So, they both appear nearly in the same region. The presence of any of these two functional can be determined based on their relative absorption intensities. The nitrile RC≡N stretches have moderate absorption intensities due to large bond dipole whereas alkyne RC≡CR stretches have weak absorption intensities due to small bond dipole.

Answer 7

Chapter 15, Problem 15.24P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

Which of the two spectra in Your Turn 15.17 most likely corresponds to nitrile, is to be explained.

Concept introduction:

IR spectroscopy enables us to identify different functional groups in the molecule.

One of the greatest advantages of IR spectroscopy is that the frequency of a particular type of vibration is typically found within a characteristic range of frequencies, regardless of the functional group with which the vibration is associated. The fact that absorptions by certain vibrations appear with characteristic frequency ranges enables us to use IR spectroscopy to obtain structural information about a molecule. The absorption band for C≡C bond appears as a sharp band in the range of 2100−2260 cm−1 and for C≡N bond appears sharp band in the range of 2210−2260 cm−1. So, they both appear nearly in the same region. The presence of any of these two functional can be determined based on their relative absorption intensities. The nitrile RC≡N stretches have moderate absorption intensities due to large bond dipole whereas alkyne RC≡CR stretches have weak absorption intensities due to small bond dipole.

Answer 8

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The alkyne most likely internal or terminal in the two spectra given in your turn 15.17, it is to be explained.

Concept introduction:

IR spectroscopy enables to identify different functional groups in the molecule.

One of the greatest advantages of IR spectroscopy is that the frequency of a particular type of vibration is typically found within a characteristic range of frequencies, regardless of the functional group with which the vibration is associated. The fact that absorptions by certain vibrations appear with characteristic frequency ranges enables us to use IR spectroscopy to obtain structural information about a molecule. The absorption band for C≡C bond appears as a sharp band in the range of 2100−2260 cm−1. The presence of terminal alkyne can be determined based on alkyne C−H peak around ∼3300 cm−1.

Answer 9

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The alkyne most likely internal or terminal in the two spectra given in your turn 15.17, it is to be explained.

Concept introduction:

IR spectroscopy enables to identify different functional groups in the molecule.

One of the greatest advantages of IR spectroscopy is that the frequency of a particular type of vibration is typically found within a characteristic range of frequencies, regardless of the functional group with which the vibration is associated. The fact that absorptions by certain vibrations appear with characteristic frequency ranges enables us to use IR spectroscopy to obtain structural information about a molecule. The absorption band for C≡C bond appears as a sharp band in the range of 2100−2260 cm−1. The presence of terminal alkyne can be determined based on alkyne C−H peak around ∼3300 cm−1.

Answer 10

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Answer 13

Ch. 15 - Prob. 15.1P Ch. 15 - Prob. 15.2P Ch. 15 - Prob. 15.3P Ch. 15 - Prob. 15.4P Ch. 15 - Prob. 15.5P Ch. 15 - Prob. 15.6P Ch. 15 - Prob. 15.7P Ch. 15 - Prob. 15.8P Ch. 15 - Prob. 15.9P Ch. 15 - Prob. 15.10P

Solution Summary: The author explains that IR spectroscopy enables us to identify different functional groups in the molecule.

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Chapter 15 Solutions