Chapter 15, Problem 15.131SP

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The change in the number of moles of ${\text{CO}}_{\text{2}}$ when mixture is disturbed by adding solid ${\text{NaHCO}}_{\text{3}}$ needs to be explained.

Concept introduction:

According to Le Chatelier’s principle, if equilibrium is disturbed by changing the number of moles, pressure and temperature, the equilibrium will shift to remove the disturbance. For example, if number of moles or pressure of reactant is increased, the reaction will shift in forward direction to decrease the number of moles or pressure of the reactant.

If temperature is increased, the reaction moves to forward direction for an endothermic reaction and it moves to backward direction for exothermic reaction.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The change in the number of moles of ${\text{CO}}_{\text{2}}$ when mixture is disturbed by adding water vapor needs to be explained.

Concept introduction:

According to Le Chatelier’s principle, if equilibrium is disturbed by changing the number of moles, pressure and temperature, the equilibrium will shift to remove the disturbance. For example, if number of moles or pressure of reactant is increased, the reaction will shift in forward direction to decrease the number of moles or pressure of the reactant.

If temperature is increased, the reaction moves to forward direction for an endothermic reaction and it moves to backward direction for exothermic reaction.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The change in the number of moles of ${\text{CO}}_{\text{2}}$ when mixture is disturbed by decreasing the volume of the container needs to be explained.

Concept introduction:

According to Le Chatelier’s principle, if equilibrium is disturbed by changing the number of moles, pressure and temperature, the equilibrium will shift to remove the disturbance. For example, if number of moles or pressure of reactant is increased, the reaction will shift in forward direction to decrease the number of moles or pressure of the reactant.

If temperature is increased, the reaction moves to forward direction for an endothermic reaction and it moves to backward direction for exothermic reaction.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The change in the number of moles of ${\text{CO}}_{\text{2}}$ when mixture is disturbed by increasing the temperature needs to be explained.

Concept introduction:

According to Le Chatelier’s principle, if equilibrium is disturbed by changing the number of moles, pressure and temperature, the equilibrium will shift to remove the disturbance. For example, if number of moles or pressure of reactant is increased, the reaction will shift in forward direction to decrease the number of moles or pressure of the reactant.

If temperature is increased, the reaction moves to forward direction for an endothermic reaction and it moves to backward direction for exothermic reaction.