
Concept explainers
A.
To find: Whether the given condition “reduced ubiquinone and oxidized cytochrome c” can transfer the electrons to cytochrome c.
Introduction: In the mitochondria, Electron transport system (ETS) forms a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane that drives the production of ATP through chemiosmosis.
B.
To find: Whether the given to condition “oxidized ubiquinone and oxidized cytochrome c’’ can transfer the electrons cytochrome c.
Introduction: The protons generated in electron transport system (ETS) will move through a series of electron carriers and respiratory complexes. Electron carriers will transfer the electrons, and the respiratory complexes contain multiple individual proteins including transmembrane protein that helps in the passage of electrons.
C.
To find: Whether the given condition “reduced ubiquinone and reduced cytochrome c’’ can transfer the electrons to cytochrome c.
Introduction: Electron transport chain takes place in the mitochondria, which has two phospholipid layers. Ubiquinone is an organic molecule that moves freely in the hydrophobic inner mitochondrial membrane through diffusion. This in turn creates a proton gradient and provides energy to generate ATP.
D.
To find: Whether the given condition “oxidized ubiquinone and reduced cytochrome c” can transfer the electrons to cytochrome c.
Introduction: Ubiquinone and cytochrome c are electron carriers that can diffuse freely in the lipid bilayer. They have the ability to transfer electrons from one respiratory complex to the other complex present in the electron transport chain.
E.
To find: Whether the given condition “reduced ubiquinone, oxidized cytochrome c, and cytochrome c reductase complex” can transfer the electrons to cytochrome c.
Introduction: Mitochondrion is known as the power house of the cell. The ATP is synthesized by the electron transport system present in the mitochondria.
F.
To find: Whether the given condition “oxidized ubiquinone, oxidized cytochrome c, and cytochrome c reductase complex” can transfer the electrons to cytochrome c.
Introduction: The series of complex reactions involved in the transfer of the electrons across the membrane is known as electron transport chain (ETC). This process occurs in the presence of oxygen. The oxygen accepts the two electrons and got reduced to the molecule of water in the ETC.
G.
To find: Whether the given condition “reduced ubiquinone, reduced cytochrome c, and cytochrome c reductase complex’’ can transfer the electrons to cytochrome c.
Introduction: The electron transport chain (ETC) is found in the inner mitochondrial membrane in eukaryotes, where it acts as a site for oxidative phosphorylation. Oxidative phosphorylation is a process through which ATP is produced through the use of ATP synthase.
H.
To find: Whether the given condition “oxidized ubiquinone, reduced cytochrome c, and cytochrome c reductase complex” can transfer the electrons to cytochrome c.
Introduction: The quinone that is present in the electron transport chain of mitochondria is called ubiquinone. For every electron it accepts, it has the ability to pick up one proton from the aqueous environment and as a part of its hydrogen atom, it can carry two electrons.

Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solution
Chapter 14 Solutions
Essential Cell Biology 5e
- Design a grafting experiment to determine if limb mesoderm determines forelimb / hindlimb identity. Include the experiment, a control, and an interpretation in your answer.arrow_forwardThe Snapdragon is a popular garden flower that comes in a variety of colours, including red, yellow, and orange. The genotypes and associated phenotypes for some of these flowers are as follows: aabb: yellow AABB, AABb, AaBb, and AaBB: red AAbb and Aabb: orange aaBB: yellow aaBb: ? Based on this information, what would the phenotype of a Snapdragon with the genotype aaBb be and why? Question 21 options: orange because A is epistatic to B yellow because A is epistatic to B red because B is epistatic to A orange because B is epistatic to A red because A is epistatic to B yellow because B is epistatic to Aarrow_forwardA sample of blood was taken from the above individual and prepared for haemoglobin analysis. However, when water was added the cells did not lyse and looked normal in size and shape. The technician suspected that they had may have made an error in the protocol – what is the most likely explanation? The cell membranes are more resistant than normal. An isotonic solution had been added instead of water. A solution of 0.1 M NaCl had been added instead of water. Not enough water had been added to the red blood cell pellet. The man had sickle-cell anaemia.arrow_forward
- A sample of blood was taken from the above individual and prepared for haemoglobin analysis. However, when water was added the cells did not lyse and looked normal in size and shape. The technician suspected that they had may have made an error in the protocol – what is the most likely explanation? The cell membranes are more resistant than normal. An isotonic solution had been added instead of water. A solution of 0.1 M NaCl had been added instead of water. Not enough water had been added to the red blood cell pellet. The man had sickle-cell anaemia.arrow_forwardWith reference to their absorption spectra of the oxy haemoglobin intact line) and deoxyhemoglobin (broken line) shown in Figure 2 below, how would you best explain the reason why there are differences in the major peaks of the spectra? Figure 2. SPECTRA OF OXYGENATED AND DEOXYGENATED HAEMOGLOBIN OBTAINED WITH THE RECORDING SPECTROPHOTOMETER 1.4 Abs < 0.8 06 0.4 400 420 440 460 480 500 520 540 560 580 600 nm 1. The difference in the spectra is due to a pH change in the deoxy-haemoglobin due to uptake of CO2- 2. There is more oxygen-carrying plasma in the oxy-haemoglobin sample. 3. The change in Mr due to oxygen binding causes the oxy haemoglobin to have a higher absorbance peak. 4. Oxy-haemoglobin is contaminated by carbaminohemoglobin, and therefore has a higher absorbance peak 5. Oxy-haemoglobin absorbs more light of blue wavelengths and less of red wavelengths than deoxy-haemoglobinarrow_forwardWith reference to their absorption spectra of the oxy haemoglobin intact line) and deoxyhemoglobin (broken line) shown in Figure 2 below, how would you best explain the reason why there are differences in the major peaks of the spectra? Figure 2. SPECTRA OF OXYGENATED AND DEOXYGENATED HAEMOGLOBIN OBTAINED WITH THE RECORDING SPECTROPHOTOMETER 1.4 Abs < 0.8 06 0.4 400 420 440 460 480 500 520 540 560 580 600 nm 1. The difference in the spectra is due to a pH change in the deoxy-haemoglobin due to uptake of CO2- 2. There is more oxygen-carrying plasma in the oxy-haemoglobin sample. 3. The change in Mr due to oxygen binding causes the oxy haemoglobin to have a higher absorbance peak. 4. Oxy-haemoglobin is contaminated by carbaminohemoglobin, and therefore has a higher absorbance peak 5. Oxy-haemoglobin absorbs more light of blue wavelengths and less of red wavelengths than deoxy-haemoglobinarrow_forward
- Which ONE of the following is FALSE regarding haemoglobin? It has two alpha subunits and two beta subunits. The subunits are joined by disulphide bonds. Each subunit covalently binds a haem group. Conformational change in one subunit can be transmitted to another. There are many variant ("mutant") forms of haemoglobin that are not harmful.arrow_forwardWhich ONE of the following is FALSE regarding haemoglobin? It has two alpha subunits and two beta subunits. The subunits are joined by disulphide bonds. Each subunit covalently binds a haem group. Conformational change in one subunit can be transmitted to another. There are many variant ("mutant") forms of haemoglobin that are not harmful.arrow_forwardDuring a routine medical check up of a healthy man it was found that his haematocrit value was highly unusual – value of 60%. What one of the options below is the most likely reason? He will have a diet high in iron. He is likely to be suffering from anaemia. He lives at high altitude. He has recently recovered from an accident where he lost a lot of blood. He has a very large body size.arrow_forward
- Explain what age of culture is most likely to produce an endospore?arrow_forwardExplain why hot temperatures greater than 45 degrees celsius would not initiate the sporulation process in endospores?arrow_forwardEndospore stain: Consider tube 2 of the 7-day bacillus culture. After is was heated, it was incubated for 24 hours then refrigerated. Do you think the cloudiness in this tube is due mostly to vegetative cells or to endospores? Explain your reasoningarrow_forward
- Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)BiologyISBN:9780134580999Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. HoehnPublisher:PEARSONBiology 2eBiologyISBN:9781947172517Author:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann ClarkPublisher:OpenStaxAnatomy & PhysiologyBiologyISBN:9781259398629Author:McKinley, Michael P., O'loughlin, Valerie Dean, Bidle, Theresa StouterPublisher:Mcgraw Hill Education,
- Molecular Biology of the Cell (Sixth Edition)BiologyISBN:9780815344322Author:Bruce Alberts, Alexander D. Johnson, Julian Lewis, David Morgan, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, Peter WalterPublisher:W. W. Norton & CompanyLaboratory Manual For Human Anatomy & PhysiologyBiologyISBN:9781260159363Author:Martin, Terry R., Prentice-craver, CynthiaPublisher:McGraw-Hill Publishing Co.Inquiry Into Life (16th Edition)BiologyISBN:9781260231700Author:Sylvia S. Mader, Michael WindelspechtPublisher:McGraw Hill Education





