Choose the phrase from the right column that best fits the term in the left column. a. transformations 1. requires supplements in medium for growth b. conjugation 2. a method for mutagenizing genes in bacterial genomes c. transduction 3. small circular DNA molecule that can integrate into the chromosome d. lytic cycle 4. the core genes that define a bacterial species plus all of the genes unique to individual strains e.lysogeny 5. transfer of DNA requiring direct physical contact f. episome 6. integration of phage DNA into the chromosome g. auxotroph 7. infection by phages in which lysis of cells releases new virus particles h. pangenome 8. transfer of naked DNA i. gene targeting 9. transfer of DNA between bacteria via virus particles

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Answer 1

Textbook Question

Chapter 14, Problem 1P

Choose the phrase from the right column that best fits the term in the left column.

a. transformations	1. requires supplements in medium for growth
b. conjugation	2. a method for mutagenizing genes in bacterial genomes
c. transduction	3. small circular DNA molecule that can integrate into the chromosome
d. lytic cycle	4. the core genes that define a bacterial species plus all of the genes unique to individual strains
e.lysogeny	5. transfer of DNA requiring direct physical contact
f. episome	6. integration of phage DNA into the chromosome
g. auxotroph	7. infection by phages in which lysis of cells releases new virus particles
h. pangenome	8. transfer of naked DNA
i. gene targeting	9. transfer of DNA between bacteria via virus particles

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

a.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “transformation.”

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Transformation: transfer of naked DNA.

Explanation of Solution

Transformation is the process by which the bacterium transforms into another by receiving the naked DNA molecule. This process does not require physical contact like conjugation or virus particles like transduction.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

b.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “conjugation.”

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Conjugation: transfer of DNA requiring direct physical contact.

Explanation of Solution

Conjugation is the process by which the donor bacterium forms a conjugation tube and then transfers the DNA through this tube into the recipient bacterium. A conjugation is a form of sexual reproduction that takes place in the higher eukaryotes.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

c.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “transduction.”

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Transduction: transfer of DNA between bacteria via virus particles.

Explanation of Solution

Transduction is the process the transfer of the bacterial DNA takes place through virus particles also known as a bacteriophage, which attacks the bacteria and carries it’s DNA and then integrates this DNA into another bacterium while causing infection.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

d.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “lytic cycle”.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Lytic cycle: infection by phages in which lysis of cells releases new particles.

Explanation of Solution

The bacteriophage is the virus that attacks bacteria, hence named bacteriophage. The term phage implies ‘to eat,’ thus bacteriophage means ‘eating bacteria.’ The bacteriophage performs two types of life cycle inside the host. The latent or lysogenic cycle and the virulent lytic cycle.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

e.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “lysogeny.”

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Lysogeny: integration of phage DNA into the chromosome.

Explanation of Solution

Lysogeny is another form of the viral life cycle in which it does not kill the host buts integrates its DNA inside the host’s DNA and then replicates, causing latent infection. The lysogenic bacteria can be converted into lytic bacteria through some external agents.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

f.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “episome.”

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Episome: small circular DNA molecule that can integrate into the chromosome.

Explanation of Solution

Episomes are the small circular DNA fragments like plasmid that can replicate on their own and can also integrate into the chromosomes and then replaced along with the chromosomes.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

g.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “auxotroph”.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Auxotroph: requires supplements in medium for growth.

Explanation of Solution

Auxotrophs are the special type of organisms that require a certain type of nutrients in the medium from an external source as they cannot synthesize the substrate or enzyme and require it for their proper growth and multiplication. These microbes are used to test the importance of specific substrates in growth and reproduction.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

h.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “pangenome.”

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Pangenome: the core genes that define a bacterial species plus all of the genes unique to individual strains.

Explanation of Solution

The pangenome is the entire genetic material of an organism. It consists of diploid content of the genome and all the genes that are unique to that specific organism. Hence, it represents the genetic composition of the entire species of an organism.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

i.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “gene targeting.”

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Gene targeting: a method for mutagenizing genes in bacterial genomes.

Explanation of Solution

Gene targeting is the method of bringing about changes in the gene of the desired organism. This technique belongs to the field of DNA recombinant technology and is used to remove the defective genes or incorporate desired genes inside the DNA and then improve the variety of existing species.

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Students have asked these similar questions

Bacteria exposed to viruses incorporate sections of the virus’s DNA into the CRISPR array sequences in their genome. This mechanism allows bacteria to fight off the viruses, like an immune response: the information in CRISPR spacers served as “coordinates” for recognizing and cutting up invading DNA sequences. Describe what might happen under the conditions described after a bacteriophage infects a bacterial cell and releases its DNA into the bacterial cell. Explain why: 1. The invading phage DNA is recognized by the Cas proteins but not inserted into the CRISPR array region of the bacterial genome: The bacteria will be unable to elicit an immune response and will succumb to the phase infection 2. The cas genes on the bacterial genome contains a missense mutation that increases its cleavage/cut activityThe bacteria will elicit an immune response that will successfully fight the phage infection

Match each enzyme name in the left column with the correct descriptive phrase in the right column. a. Topoisomerase II b. DNA ligase c. DNA polymerase y d. Reverse transcriptase i. Catalyzes most nucleotide incorporations in bacterial DNA replication ii. Cleaves RNA in a DNA-RNA hybrid molecule e. DNA polymerase I f. DNA polymerase II iii. Uses a tRNA primer in synthesis of retroviral DNA iv. Acts through an adenylylated DNA inter- mediate v. Catalyzes formation of a double-strand DNA break vi. Catalyzes mitochondrial DNA replication

Explain the importance of the following features in conjugating donor bacteria: a. the origin of transfer b. the conjugation pilus c. homologous recombination d. the relaxosome e. relaxase f. T strand DNA g. pillin protein

Answer 2

Textbook Question

Chapter 14, Problem 1P

Choose the phrase from the right column that best fits the term in the left column.

a. transformations	1. requires supplements in medium for growth
b. conjugation	2. a method for mutagenizing genes in bacterial genomes
c. transduction	3. small circular DNA molecule that can integrate into the chromosome
d. lytic cycle	4. the core genes that define a bacterial species plus all of the genes unique to individual strains
e.lysogeny	5. transfer of DNA requiring direct physical contact
f. episome	6. integration of phage DNA into the chromosome
g. auxotroph	7. infection by phages in which lysis of cells releases new virus particles
h. pangenome	8. transfer of naked DNA
i. gene targeting	9. transfer of DNA between bacteria via virus particles

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

a.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “transformation.”

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Transformation: transfer of naked DNA.

Explanation of Solution

Transformation is the process by which the bacterium transforms into another by receiving the naked DNA molecule. This process does not require physical contact like conjugation or virus particles like transduction.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

b.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “conjugation.”

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Conjugation: transfer of DNA requiring direct physical contact.

Explanation of Solution

Conjugation is the process by which the donor bacterium forms a conjugation tube and then transfers the DNA through this tube into the recipient bacterium. A conjugation is a form of sexual reproduction that takes place in the higher eukaryotes.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

c.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “transduction.”

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Transduction: transfer of DNA between bacteria via virus particles.

Explanation of Solution

Transduction is the process the transfer of the bacterial DNA takes place through virus particles also known as a bacteriophage, which attacks the bacteria and carries it’s DNA and then integrates this DNA into another bacterium while causing infection.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

d.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “lytic cycle”.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Lytic cycle: infection by phages in which lysis of cells releases new particles.

Explanation of Solution

The bacteriophage is the virus that attacks bacteria, hence named bacteriophage. The term phage implies ‘to eat,’ thus bacteriophage means ‘eating bacteria.’ The bacteriophage performs two types of life cycle inside the host. The latent or lysogenic cycle and the virulent lytic cycle.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

e.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “lysogeny.”

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Lysogeny: integration of phage DNA into the chromosome.

Explanation of Solution

Lysogeny is another form of the viral life cycle in which it does not kill the host buts integrates its DNA inside the host’s DNA and then replicates, causing latent infection. The lysogenic bacteria can be converted into lytic bacteria through some external agents.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

f.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “episome.”

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Episome: small circular DNA molecule that can integrate into the chromosome.

Explanation of Solution

Episomes are the small circular DNA fragments like plasmid that can replicate on their own and can also integrate into the chromosomes and then replaced along with the chromosomes.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

g.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “auxotroph”.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Auxotroph: requires supplements in medium for growth.

Explanation of Solution

Auxotrophs are the special type of organisms that require a certain type of nutrients in the medium from an external source as they cannot synthesize the substrate or enzyme and require it for their proper growth and multiplication. These microbes are used to test the importance of specific substrates in growth and reproduction.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

h.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “pangenome.”

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Pangenome: the core genes that define a bacterial species plus all of the genes unique to individual strains.

Explanation of Solution

The pangenome is the entire genetic material of an organism. It consists of diploid content of the genome and all the genes that are unique to that specific organism. Hence, it represents the genetic composition of the entire species of an organism.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

i.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “gene targeting.”

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Gene targeting: a method for mutagenizing genes in bacterial genomes.

Explanation of Solution

Gene targeting is the method of bringing about changes in the gene of the desired organism. This technique belongs to the field of DNA recombinant technology and is used to remove the defective genes or incorporate desired genes inside the DNA and then improve the variety of existing species.

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Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Answer 3

Textbook Question

Chapter 14, Problem 1P

Choose the phrase from the right column that best fits the term in the left column.

a. transformations	1. requires supplements in medium for growth
b. conjugation	2. a method for mutagenizing genes in bacterial genomes
c. transduction	3. small circular DNA molecule that can integrate into the chromosome
d. lytic cycle	4. the core genes that define a bacterial species plus all of the genes unique to individual strains
e.lysogeny	5. transfer of DNA requiring direct physical contact
f. episome	6. integration of phage DNA into the chromosome
g. auxotroph	7. infection by phages in which lysis of cells releases new virus particles
h. pangenome	8. transfer of naked DNA
i. gene targeting	9. transfer of DNA between bacteria via virus particles

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

a.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “transformation.”

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Transformation: transfer of naked DNA.

Explanation of Solution

Transformation is the process by which the bacterium transforms into another by receiving the naked DNA molecule. This process does not require physical contact like conjugation or virus particles like transduction.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

b.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “conjugation.”

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Conjugation: transfer of DNA requiring direct physical contact.

Explanation of Solution

Conjugation is the process by which the donor bacterium forms a conjugation tube and then transfers the DNA through this tube into the recipient bacterium. A conjugation is a form of sexual reproduction that takes place in the higher eukaryotes.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

c.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “transduction.”

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Transduction: transfer of DNA between bacteria via virus particles.

Explanation of Solution

Transduction is the process the transfer of the bacterial DNA takes place through virus particles also known as a bacteriophage, which attacks the bacteria and carries it’s DNA and then integrates this DNA into another bacterium while causing infection.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

d.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “lytic cycle”.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Lytic cycle: infection by phages in which lysis of cells releases new particles.

Explanation of Solution

The bacteriophage is the virus that attacks bacteria, hence named bacteriophage. The term phage implies ‘to eat,’ thus bacteriophage means ‘eating bacteria.’ The bacteriophage performs two types of life cycle inside the host. The latent or lysogenic cycle and the virulent lytic cycle.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

e.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “lysogeny.”

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Lysogeny: integration of phage DNA into the chromosome.

Explanation of Solution

Lysogeny is another form of the viral life cycle in which it does not kill the host buts integrates its DNA inside the host’s DNA and then replicates, causing latent infection. The lysogenic bacteria can be converted into lytic bacteria through some external agents.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

f.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “episome.”

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Episome: small circular DNA molecule that can integrate into the chromosome.

Explanation of Solution

Episomes are the small circular DNA fragments like plasmid that can replicate on their own and can also integrate into the chromosomes and then replaced along with the chromosomes.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

g.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “auxotroph”.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Auxotroph: requires supplements in medium for growth.

Explanation of Solution

Auxotrophs are the special type of organisms that require a certain type of nutrients in the medium from an external source as they cannot synthesize the substrate or enzyme and require it for their proper growth and multiplication. These microbes are used to test the importance of specific substrates in growth and reproduction.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

h.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “pangenome.”

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Pangenome: the core genes that define a bacterial species plus all of the genes unique to individual strains.

Explanation of Solution

The pangenome is the entire genetic material of an organism. It consists of diploid content of the genome and all the genes that are unique to that specific organism. Hence, it represents the genetic composition of the entire species of an organism.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

i.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “gene targeting.”

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Gene targeting: a method for mutagenizing genes in bacterial genomes.

Explanation of Solution

Gene targeting is the method of bringing about changes in the gene of the desired organism. This technique belongs to the field of DNA recombinant technology and is used to remove the defective genes or incorporate desired genes inside the DNA and then improve the variety of existing species.

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Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Answer 4

Textbook Question

Chapter 14, Problem 1P

Choose the phrase from the right column that best fits the term in the left column.

a. transformations	1. requires supplements in medium for growth
b. conjugation	2. a method for mutagenizing genes in bacterial genomes
c. transduction	3. small circular DNA molecule that can integrate into the chromosome
d. lytic cycle	4. the core genes that define a bacterial species plus all of the genes unique to individual strains
e.lysogeny	5. transfer of DNA requiring direct physical contact
f. episome	6. integration of phage DNA into the chromosome
g. auxotroph	7. infection by phages in which lysis of cells releases new virus particles
h. pangenome	8. transfer of naked DNA
i. gene targeting	9. transfer of DNA between bacteria via virus particles

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

a.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “transformation.”

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Transformation: transfer of naked DNA.

Explanation of Solution

Transformation is the process by which the bacterium transforms into another by receiving the naked DNA molecule. This process does not require physical contact like conjugation or virus particles like transduction.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

b.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “conjugation.”

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Conjugation: transfer of DNA requiring direct physical contact.

Explanation of Solution

Conjugation is the process by which the donor bacterium forms a conjugation tube and then transfers the DNA through this tube into the recipient bacterium. A conjugation is a form of sexual reproduction that takes place in the higher eukaryotes.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

c.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “transduction.”

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Transduction: transfer of DNA between bacteria via virus particles.

Explanation of Solution

Transduction is the process the transfer of the bacterial DNA takes place through virus particles also known as a bacteriophage, which attacks the bacteria and carries it’s DNA and then integrates this DNA into another bacterium while causing infection.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

d.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “lytic cycle”.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Lytic cycle: infection by phages in which lysis of cells releases new particles.

Explanation of Solution

The bacteriophage is the virus that attacks bacteria, hence named bacteriophage. The term phage implies ‘to eat,’ thus bacteriophage means ‘eating bacteria.’ The bacteriophage performs two types of life cycle inside the host. The latent or lysogenic cycle and the virulent lytic cycle.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

e.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “lysogeny.”

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Lysogeny: integration of phage DNA into the chromosome.

Explanation of Solution

Lysogeny is another form of the viral life cycle in which it does not kill the host buts integrates its DNA inside the host’s DNA and then replicates, causing latent infection. The lysogenic bacteria can be converted into lytic bacteria through some external agents.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

f.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “episome.”

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Episome: small circular DNA molecule that can integrate into the chromosome.

Explanation of Solution

Episomes are the small circular DNA fragments like plasmid that can replicate on their own and can also integrate into the chromosomes and then replaced along with the chromosomes.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

g.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “auxotroph”.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Auxotroph: requires supplements in medium for growth.

Explanation of Solution

Auxotrophs are the special type of organisms that require a certain type of nutrients in the medium from an external source as they cannot synthesize the substrate or enzyme and require it for their proper growth and multiplication. These microbes are used to test the importance of specific substrates in growth and reproduction.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

h.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “pangenome.”

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Pangenome: the core genes that define a bacterial species plus all of the genes unique to individual strains.

Explanation of Solution

The pangenome is the entire genetic material of an organism. It consists of diploid content of the genome and all the genes that are unique to that specific organism. Hence, it represents the genetic composition of the entire species of an organism.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

i.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “gene targeting.”

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Gene targeting: a method for mutagenizing genes in bacterial genomes.

Explanation of Solution

Gene targeting is the method of bringing about changes in the gene of the desired organism. This technique belongs to the field of DNA recombinant technology and is used to remove the defective genes or incorporate desired genes inside the DNA and then improve the variety of existing species.

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Answer 5

Textbook Question

Answer 6

Textbook Question

Answer 7

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

a.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “transformation.”

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Transformation: transfer of naked DNA.

Explanation of Solution

Transformation is the process by which the bacterium transforms into another by receiving the naked DNA molecule. This process does not require physical contact like conjugation or virus particles like transduction.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

b.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “conjugation.”

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Conjugation: transfer of DNA requiring direct physical contact.

Explanation of Solution

Conjugation is the process by which the donor bacterium forms a conjugation tube and then transfers the DNA through this tube into the recipient bacterium. A conjugation is a form of sexual reproduction that takes place in the higher eukaryotes.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

c.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “transduction.”

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Transduction: transfer of DNA between bacteria via virus particles.

Explanation of Solution

Transduction is the process the transfer of the bacterial DNA takes place through virus particles also known as a bacteriophage, which attacks the bacteria and carries it’s DNA and then integrates this DNA into another bacterium while causing infection.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

d.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “lytic cycle”.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Lytic cycle: infection by phages in which lysis of cells releases new particles.

Explanation of Solution

The bacteriophage is the virus that attacks bacteria, hence named bacteriophage. The term phage implies ‘to eat,’ thus bacteriophage means ‘eating bacteria.’ The bacteriophage performs two types of life cycle inside the host. The latent or lysogenic cycle and the virulent lytic cycle.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

e.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “lysogeny.”

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Lysogeny: integration of phage DNA into the chromosome.

Explanation of Solution

Lysogeny is another form of the viral life cycle in which it does not kill the host buts integrates its DNA inside the host’s DNA and then replicates, causing latent infection. The lysogenic bacteria can be converted into lytic bacteria through some external agents.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

f.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “episome.”

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Episome: small circular DNA molecule that can integrate into the chromosome.

Explanation of Solution

Episomes are the small circular DNA fragments like plasmid that can replicate on their own and can also integrate into the chromosomes and then replaced along with the chromosomes.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

g.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “auxotroph”.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Auxotroph: requires supplements in medium for growth.

Explanation of Solution

Auxotrophs are the special type of organisms that require a certain type of nutrients in the medium from an external source as they cannot synthesize the substrate or enzyme and require it for their proper growth and multiplication. These microbes are used to test the importance of specific substrates in growth and reproduction.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

h.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “pangenome.”

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Pangenome: the core genes that define a bacterial species plus all of the genes unique to individual strains.

Explanation of Solution

The pangenome is the entire genetic material of an organism. It consists of diploid content of the genome and all the genes that are unique to that specific organism. Hence, it represents the genetic composition of the entire species of an organism.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

i.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “gene targeting.”

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Gene targeting: a method for mutagenizing genes in bacterial genomes.

Explanation of Solution

Gene targeting is the method of bringing about changes in the gene of the desired organism. This technique belongs to the field of DNA recombinant technology and is used to remove the defective genes or incorporate desired genes inside the DNA and then improve the variety of existing species.

Answer 8

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

a.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “transformation.”

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Transformation: transfer of naked DNA.

Explanation of Solution

Transformation is the process by which the bacterium transforms into another by receiving the naked DNA molecule. This process does not require physical contact like conjugation or virus particles like transduction.

Answer 9

Expert Solution

Answer 10

Expert Solution

Answer 11

Expert Solution

Answer 12

Summary Introduction

a.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “transformation.”

Answer 13

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Transformation: transfer of naked DNA.

Answer 14

Explanation of Solution

Transformation is the process by which the bacterium transforms into another by receiving the naked DNA molecule. This process does not require physical contact like conjugation or virus particles like transduction.

Answer 15

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

b.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “conjugation.”

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Conjugation: transfer of DNA requiring direct physical contact.

Explanation of Solution

Conjugation is the process by which the donor bacterium forms a conjugation tube and then transfers the DNA through this tube into the recipient bacterium. A conjugation is a form of sexual reproduction that takes place in the higher eukaryotes.

Answer 16

Expert Solution

Answer 17

Expert Solution

Answer 18

Expert Solution

Answer 19

Summary Introduction

b.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “conjugation.”

Answer 20

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Conjugation: transfer of DNA requiring direct physical contact.

Answer 21

Explanation of Solution

Conjugation is the process by which the donor bacterium forms a conjugation tube and then transfers the DNA through this tube into the recipient bacterium. A conjugation is a form of sexual reproduction that takes place in the higher eukaryotes.

Answer 22

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

c.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “transduction.”

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Transduction: transfer of DNA between bacteria via virus particles.

Explanation of Solution

Transduction is the process the transfer of the bacterial DNA takes place through virus particles also known as a bacteriophage, which attacks the bacteria and carries it’s DNA and then integrates this DNA into another bacterium while causing infection.

Answer 23

Expert Solution

Answer 24

Expert Solution

Answer 25

Expert Solution

Answer 26

Summary Introduction

c.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “transduction.”

Answer 27

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Transduction: transfer of DNA between bacteria via virus particles.

Answer 28

Explanation of Solution

Transduction is the process the transfer of the bacterial DNA takes place through virus particles also known as a bacteriophage, which attacks the bacteria and carries it’s DNA and then integrates this DNA into another bacterium while causing infection.

Answer 29

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

d.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “lytic cycle”.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Lytic cycle: infection by phages in which lysis of cells releases new particles.

Explanation of Solution

The bacteriophage is the virus that attacks bacteria, hence named bacteriophage. The term phage implies ‘to eat,’ thus bacteriophage means ‘eating bacteria.’ The bacteriophage performs two types of life cycle inside the host. The latent or lysogenic cycle and the virulent lytic cycle.

Answer 30

Expert Solution

Answer 31

Expert Solution

Answer 32

Expert Solution

Answer 33

Summary Introduction

d.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “lytic cycle”.

Answer 34

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Lytic cycle: infection by phages in which lysis of cells releases new particles.

Answer 35

Explanation of Solution

The bacteriophage is the virus that attacks bacteria, hence named bacteriophage. The term phage implies ‘to eat,’ thus bacteriophage means ‘eating bacteria.’ The bacteriophage performs two types of life cycle inside the host. The latent or lysogenic cycle and the virulent lytic cycle.

Answer 36

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

e.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “lysogeny.”

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Lysogeny: integration of phage DNA into the chromosome.

Explanation of Solution

Lysogeny is another form of the viral life cycle in which it does not kill the host buts integrates its DNA inside the host’s DNA and then replicates, causing latent infection. The lysogenic bacteria can be converted into lytic bacteria through some external agents.

Answer 37

Expert Solution

Answer 38

Expert Solution

Answer 39

Expert Solution

Answer 40

Summary Introduction

e.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “lysogeny.”

Answer 41

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Lysogeny: integration of phage DNA into the chromosome.

Answer 42

Explanation of Solution

Lysogeny is another form of the viral life cycle in which it does not kill the host buts integrates its DNA inside the host’s DNA and then replicates, causing latent infection. The lysogenic bacteria can be converted into lytic bacteria through some external agents.

Answer 43

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

f.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “episome.”

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Episome: small circular DNA molecule that can integrate into the chromosome.

Explanation of Solution

Episomes are the small circular DNA fragments like plasmid that can replicate on their own and can also integrate into the chromosomes and then replaced along with the chromosomes.

Answer 44

Expert Solution

Answer 45

Expert Solution

Answer 46

Expert Solution

Answer 47

Summary Introduction

f.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “episome.”

Answer 48

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Episome: small circular DNA molecule that can integrate into the chromosome.

Answer 49

Explanation of Solution

Episomes are the small circular DNA fragments like plasmid that can replicate on their own and can also integrate into the chromosomes and then replaced along with the chromosomes.

Answer 50

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

g.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “auxotroph”.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Auxotroph: requires supplements in medium for growth.

Explanation of Solution

Auxotrophs are the special type of organisms that require a certain type of nutrients in the medium from an external source as they cannot synthesize the substrate or enzyme and require it for their proper growth and multiplication. These microbes are used to test the importance of specific substrates in growth and reproduction.

Answer 51

Expert Solution

Answer 52

Expert Solution

Answer 53

Expert Solution

Answer 54

Summary Introduction

g.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “auxotroph”.

Answer 55

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Auxotroph: requires supplements in medium for growth.

Answer 56

Explanation of Solution

Auxotrophs are the special type of organisms that require a certain type of nutrients in the medium from an external source as they cannot synthesize the substrate or enzyme and require it for their proper growth and multiplication. These microbes are used to test the importance of specific substrates in growth and reproduction.

Answer 57

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

h.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “pangenome.”

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Pangenome: the core genes that define a bacterial species plus all of the genes unique to individual strains.

Explanation of Solution

The pangenome is the entire genetic material of an organism. It consists of diploid content of the genome and all the genes that are unique to that specific organism. Hence, it represents the genetic composition of the entire species of an organism.

Answer 58

Expert Solution

Answer 59

Expert Solution

Answer 60

Expert Solution

Answer 61

Summary Introduction

h.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “pangenome.”

Answer 62

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Pangenome: the core genes that define a bacterial species plus all of the genes unique to individual strains.

Answer 63

Explanation of Solution

The pangenome is the entire genetic material of an organism. It consists of diploid content of the genome and all the genes that are unique to that specific organism. Hence, it represents the genetic composition of the entire species of an organism.

Answer 64

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

i.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “gene targeting.”

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Gene targeting: a method for mutagenizing genes in bacterial genomes.

Explanation of Solution

Gene targeting is the method of bringing about changes in the gene of the desired organism. This technique belongs to the field of DNA recombinant technology and is used to remove the defective genes or incorporate desired genes inside the DNA and then improve the variety of existing species.

Answer 65

Expert Solution

Answer 66

Expert Solution

Answer 67

Expert Solution

Answer 68

Summary Introduction

i.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “gene targeting.”

Answer 69

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Gene targeting: a method for mutagenizing genes in bacterial genomes.

Answer 70

Explanation of Solution

Gene targeting is the method of bringing about changes in the gene of the desired organism. This technique belongs to the field of DNA recombinant technology and is used to remove the defective genes or incorporate desired genes inside the DNA and then improve the variety of existing species.