
Concept explainers
To describe:
Hepatitis B infections caused by a needlestick during a dental procedure by using the terms given in question, also determine the mode of transmission of the following disease.
Introduction:
Hepatitis B is a disease of liver which is caused by infection of virus. The virus responsible for hepatitis B is HBV (hepatitis B virus) and it belongs to Hepadnaviridae family of viruses.
To describe:
Pneumocystis pneumonia in an AIDS patient and also determine the mode of transmission of the following disease.
Introduction:
HIV is human immunodeficiency virus which causes a very serious disease called AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). HIV interferes with the immune cells of the body and reduces the ability to fight infections.
To describe:
Bubonic plague that is acquired through the bite of a rat flea, and also determine the mode of transmission.
Introduction:
Bubonic plague is a type of bacterial infection caused by bacterium Yersinia pestis. This plague may have deadly effects. It can be spread from the bite of an infected rodent or flea. The plague is characterized by symptoms like fever, headache, swollen and painful lesions, and vomiting.
To determine:
Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome infection acquired while vacationing in a log cabin.
Introduction:
Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome is a viral infection which develops its symptoms within a week. It is a fatal, respiratory disease that occurs in human by infection caused by hantaviruses.
To describe:
The disease salmonellosis and also determine the mode of transmission.
Introduction:
Salmonellosis is a type of bacterial infection caused by the strain of Salmonella bacterium. This bacterium mainly transmitted to humans through contaminated food or water. The infection results in typhoid fever and sometimes it causes severe deadly disease.
To describe:
The undiagnosed chlamydiosis and also determine the mode of transmission of the disease.
Introduction:
Chlamydiosis is a common sexually transmitted disease. It is caused by the bacteria called Chlamydia trachomatis. It can infect both men and women. Chlamydia doesn’t usually cause any symptoms.
To describe:
The disease mononucleosis that is transmitted via a shared drinking glass.
Introduction:
Respiratory droplet and saliva is the exit route for several viruses, including those of mumps, rabies, and infectious mononucleosis. Mononucleosis includes a viral disease caused by Epstein-Barr virus.
To describe:
The disease neonatal gonorrhea and also determine the mode of transmission of this disease.
Introduction:
Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted disease which causes infection in the reproductive part of females. This infection can also pass to the newborns known as neonatal gonorrhea.

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Chapter 13 Solutions
GEN COMBO LOOSELEAF MICROBIOLOGY:A SYSTEMS APPROACH; CONNECT ACCESS CARD
- Design a grafting experiment to determine if limb mesoderm determines forelimb / hindlimb identity. Include the experiment, a control, and an interpretation in your answer.arrow_forwardThe Snapdragon is a popular garden flower that comes in a variety of colours, including red, yellow, and orange. The genotypes and associated phenotypes for some of these flowers are as follows: aabb: yellow AABB, AABb, AaBb, and AaBB: red AAbb and Aabb: orange aaBB: yellow aaBb: ? Based on this information, what would the phenotype of a Snapdragon with the genotype aaBb be and why? Question 21 options: orange because A is epistatic to B yellow because A is epistatic to B red because B is epistatic to A orange because B is epistatic to A red because A is epistatic to B yellow because B is epistatic to Aarrow_forwardA sample of blood was taken from the above individual and prepared for haemoglobin analysis. However, when water was added the cells did not lyse and looked normal in size and shape. The technician suspected that they had may have made an error in the protocol – what is the most likely explanation? The cell membranes are more resistant than normal. An isotonic solution had been added instead of water. A solution of 0.1 M NaCl had been added instead of water. Not enough water had been added to the red blood cell pellet. The man had sickle-cell anaemia.arrow_forward
- A sample of blood was taken from the above individual and prepared for haemoglobin analysis. However, when water was added the cells did not lyse and looked normal in size and shape. The technician suspected that they had may have made an error in the protocol – what is the most likely explanation? The cell membranes are more resistant than normal. An isotonic solution had been added instead of water. A solution of 0.1 M NaCl had been added instead of water. Not enough water had been added to the red blood cell pellet. The man had sickle-cell anaemia.arrow_forwardWith reference to their absorption spectra of the oxy haemoglobin intact line) and deoxyhemoglobin (broken line) shown in Figure 2 below, how would you best explain the reason why there are differences in the major peaks of the spectra? Figure 2. SPECTRA OF OXYGENATED AND DEOXYGENATED HAEMOGLOBIN OBTAINED WITH THE RECORDING SPECTROPHOTOMETER 1.4 Abs < 0.8 06 0.4 400 420 440 460 480 500 520 540 560 580 600 nm 1. The difference in the spectra is due to a pH change in the deoxy-haemoglobin due to uptake of CO2- 2. There is more oxygen-carrying plasma in the oxy-haemoglobin sample. 3. The change in Mr due to oxygen binding causes the oxy haemoglobin to have a higher absorbance peak. 4. Oxy-haemoglobin is contaminated by carbaminohemoglobin, and therefore has a higher absorbance peak 5. Oxy-haemoglobin absorbs more light of blue wavelengths and less of red wavelengths than deoxy-haemoglobinarrow_forwardWith reference to their absorption spectra of the oxy haemoglobin intact line) and deoxyhemoglobin (broken line) shown in Figure 2 below, how would you best explain the reason why there are differences in the major peaks of the spectra? Figure 2. SPECTRA OF OXYGENATED AND DEOXYGENATED HAEMOGLOBIN OBTAINED WITH THE RECORDING SPECTROPHOTOMETER 1.4 Abs < 0.8 06 0.4 400 420 440 460 480 500 520 540 560 580 600 nm 1. The difference in the spectra is due to a pH change in the deoxy-haemoglobin due to uptake of CO2- 2. There is more oxygen-carrying plasma in the oxy-haemoglobin sample. 3. The change in Mr due to oxygen binding causes the oxy haemoglobin to have a higher absorbance peak. 4. Oxy-haemoglobin is contaminated by carbaminohemoglobin, and therefore has a higher absorbance peak 5. Oxy-haemoglobin absorbs more light of blue wavelengths and less of red wavelengths than deoxy-haemoglobinarrow_forward
- Which ONE of the following is FALSE regarding haemoglobin? It has two alpha subunits and two beta subunits. The subunits are joined by disulphide bonds. Each subunit covalently binds a haem group. Conformational change in one subunit can be transmitted to another. There are many variant ("mutant") forms of haemoglobin that are not harmful.arrow_forwardWhich ONE of the following is FALSE regarding haemoglobin? It has two alpha subunits and two beta subunits. The subunits are joined by disulphide bonds. Each subunit covalently binds a haem group. Conformational change in one subunit can be transmitted to another. There are many variant ("mutant") forms of haemoglobin that are not harmful.arrow_forwardDuring a routine medical check up of a healthy man it was found that his haematocrit value was highly unusual – value of 60%. What one of the options below is the most likely reason? He will have a diet high in iron. He is likely to be suffering from anaemia. He lives at high altitude. He has recently recovered from an accident where he lost a lot of blood. He has a very large body size.arrow_forward
- Explain what age of culture is most likely to produce an endospore?arrow_forwardExplain why hot temperatures greater than 45 degrees celsius would not initiate the sporulation process in endospores?arrow_forwardEndospore stain: Consider tube 2 of the 7-day bacillus culture. After is was heated, it was incubated for 24 hours then refrigerated. Do you think the cloudiness in this tube is due mostly to vegetative cells or to endospores? Explain your reasoningarrow_forward
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