(a)
Interpretation: The Lewis dot structure of the atoms has to be found by using their valence electrons present in the outermost shell.
Concept introduction: Lewis dot structures are also called electron dot structures. The diagrams are named after Gilbert N. Lewis, who described them in his 1916 article entitled The Atom and the Molecule.
A nucleus of an atom consists of neutrons and protons. Electrons are from closest to outermost shells around the nucleus. Proton and electron have +1 and -1 charge respectively. Neutron has no charge.
Number of protons is equal to number of electrons in the case of neutral atoms.
The number of electrons present in the outermost shell of an atom that participate in forming
Each group present in the periodic table has specific common valence electrons. Therefore, the position of the atom in the periodic table should be known for drawing the Lewis dot structures.
To find: Draw the Lewis dot structure of a boron atom
(b)
Interpretation: The Lewis dot structure of the atoms has to be found by using their valence electrons present in the outermost shell.
Concept introduction: Lewis dot structures are also called electron dot structures. The diagrams are named after Gilbert N. Lewis, who described them in his 1916 article entitled The Atom and the Molecule.
A nucleus of an atom consists of neutrons and protons. Electrons are from closest to outermost shells around the nucleus. Proton and electron have +1 and -1 charge respectively. Neutron has no charge.
Number of protons is equal to number of electrons in the case of neutral atoms.
The number of electrons present in the outermost shell of an atom that participate in forming chemical bonds with other atoms is called valence electrons.
Each group present in the periodic table has specific common valence electrons. Therefore, the position of the atom in the periodic table should be known for drawing the Lewis dot structures.
To find: Draw the Lewis dot structure of a nitrogen atom
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Chapter 1 Solutions
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- Determine if the following salt is neutral, acidic or basic. If acidic or basic, write the appropriate equilibrium equation for the acid or base that exists when the salt is dissolved in aqueous solution. If neutral, simply write only NR. Be sure to include the proper phases for all species within the reaction LiNO3arrow_forwardAn unknown weak acid with a concentration of 0.410 M has a pH of 5.600. What is the Ka of the weak acid?arrow_forward(racemic) 19.84 Using your reaction roadmaps as a guide, show how to convert 2-oxepanone and ethanol into 1-cyclopentenecarbaldehyde. You must use 2-oxepanone as the source of all carbon atoms in the target molecule. Show all reagents and all molecules synthesized along the way. & + EtOH H 2-Oxepanone 1-Cyclopentenecarbaldehydearrow_forward
- R₂ R₁ R₁ a R Rg Nu R₂ Rg R₁ R R₁₂ R3 R R Nu enolate forming R₁ R B-Alkylated carbonyl species or amines Cyclic B-Ketoester R₁₁ HOB R R₁B R R₁₂ B-Hydroxy carbonyl R diester R2 R3 R₁ RB OR R₂ 0 aB-Unsaturated carbonyl NaOR Aldol HOR reaction 1) LDA 2) R-X 3) H₂O/H₂O ketone, aldehyde 1) 2°-amine 2) acid chloride 3) H₂O'/H₂O 0 O R₁ R₁ R R₁ R₁₂ Alkylated a-carbon R₁ H.C R₁ H.C Alkylated methyl ketone acetoacetic ester B-Ketoester ester R₁ HO R₂ R B-Dicarbonyl HO Alkylated carboxylic acid malonic ester Write the reagents required to bring about each reaction next to the arrows shown. Next, record any regiochemistry or stereochemistry considerations relevant to the reaction. You should also record any key aspects of the mechanism, such as forma- tion of an important intermediate, as a helpful reminder. You may want to keep track of all reactions that make carbon-carbon bonds, because these help you build large molecules from smaller fragments. This especially applies to the reactions in…arrow_forwardProvide the reasonable steps to achieve the following synthesis.arrow_forwardIdentify which compound is more acidic. Justify your choice.arrow_forward
- Provide the reasonable steps to achieve the following synthesis.arrow_forwardWhen anisole is treated with excess bromine, the reaction gives a product which shows two singlets in 1H NMR. Draw the product.arrow_forward(ii) Draw a reasonable mechanism for the following reaction: CI NaOH heat OH (hint: SNAr Reaction) :arrow_forward
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