Chapter 13, Problem 13.105SP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Application of distillation and freezing for the purpose of removing dissolved salts from seawater should be described.

Concept Introduction:

Osmosis is net progress of solvent molecule via semi permeable membrane from low concentration region to high concentration region until equilibrium is attained. Osmosis is spontaneous reaction.

Reverse osmosis is just opposite to the osmosis. Reverse osmosis is the process of forcing solvent from high concentrated region into low concentrated region via semi permeable membrane by applying pressure.

Desalination is the process of removal of dissolved salts preset in seawater.

Distillation is the process of purification of a liquid from mixture of two or more liquids by heating and cooling.

Freezing is the temperature at which liquid turns into solid phase.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The minimum pressure required to apply for reverse osmosis at ${\text{25}}^{\text{o}}\text{C}$ should be calculated and the advantage of reverse osmosis over distillation and freezing should be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Osmosis is net progress of solvent molecule via semi permeable membrane from low concentration region to high concentration region until equilibrium is attained. Osmosis is spontaneous reaction.

Reverse osmosis is just opposite to the osmosis. Reverse osmosis is the process of forcing solvent from high concentrated region into low concentrated region via semi permeable membrane by applying pressure.

Desalination is the process of removal of dissolved salts preset in seawater.

Osmotic pressure is the pressure that is needed to stop osmosis. Osmotic pressure of the solution is directly proportional to the concentration of the solution. We can calculate osmotic pressure by using this formula is given by,

Osmotic pressure $\text{(π) = MRT}$

Where,

$\text{M-}$ Molarity of the solution $\left(\text{mol/L}\right)$

$\text{R-}$ Ideal gas constant ($0.08206{\text{L atm mol}}^{\text{-1}}{\text{K}}^{\text{-1}}$)

$\text{T-}$ Temperature in Kelvin