Chapter 12.9, Problem 19CC

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The product for the given set of reactions should be identified.

Concept introduction:

Alcohol: It is one type of functional group in organic chemistry in which carbon is singly bonded to one $\text{OH}$ group. Generally, alcohols are poor leaving group and hence should be converted into better leaving group but in presence of acids they behave as good leaving group.

Base: They are substance that gives ${}^{\text{-}}\text{OH}$ or donates a pair of electrons.

Leaving group: it is a fragment that leaves substrate with a pair of electrons via heterolytic bond cleavage.

Nucleophile: donates pair of electrons to positively charged substrate resulting in the formation of chemical bond.

Elimination Reaction: It is just reverse reaction of addition where substituent from the given molecule is removed via E1 (the reaction depends only on the substrate involved in the reaction) or E2 (the reaction depends on both of the substituents in the reaction) mechanism.

${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$Reaction: It is a nucleophilic substitution reaction in which the rate determining step depends on both of the molecules involved. The bond making and the bond breaking process happens simultaneously in this reaction. The substitution is said to be intramolecular if the reaction proceeds within the same molecule.

Carbocation: carbon atom bears positive charged species with three bonds is called Carbocation and it plays vital intermediate in organic synthesis. Carbocation migratory aptitude is mainly depends on the stability of the carbocation. This type of carbocation undergoes inter or intra molecule reactions and it form more stable product this type of rearrangement called carbocation rearrangement.

Carbocation’s are classified in to three types as primary, secondary and tertiary depending on the number of carbon atoms which is attached to the ionized carbon.

Tertiary carbocation is more stable than secondary carbocation, secondary carbocation is more stable than the primary carbocation as shown below.

 (b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The product for the given set of reactions should be identified.

Concept introduction:

Alcohol: It is one type of functional group in organic chemistry in which carbon is singly bonded to one $\text{OH}$ group. Generally, alcohols are poor leaving group and hence should be converted into better leaving group but in presence of acids they behave as good leaving group.

Base: They are substance that gives ${}^{\text{-}}\text{OH}$ or donates a pair of electrons.

Leaving group: it is a fragment that leaves substrate with a pair of electrons via heterolytic bond cleavage.

Nucleophile: donates pair of electrons to positively charged substrate resulting in the formation of chemical bond.

Elimination Reaction: It is just reverse reaction of addition where substituent from the given molecule is removed via E1 (the reaction depends only on the substrate involved in the reaction) or E2 (the reaction depends on both of the substituents in the reaction) mechanism.

${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$Reaction: It is a nucleophilic substitution reaction in which the rate determining step depends on both of the molecules involved. The bond making and the bond breaking process happens simultaneously in this reaction. The substitution is said to be intramolecular if the reaction proceeds within the same molecule.

Carbocation: carbon atom bears positive charged species with three bonds is called Carbocation and it plays vital intermediate in organic synthesis. Carbocation migratory aptitude is mainly depends on the stability of the carbocation. This type of carbocation undergoes inter or intra molecule reactions and it form more stable product this type of rearrangement called carbocation rearrangement.

Carbocation’s are classified in to three types as primary, secondary and tertiary depending on the number of carbon atoms which is attached to the ionized carbon.

Tertiary carbocation is more stable than secondary carbocation, secondary carbocation is more stable than the primary carbocation as shown below.