Chapter 12.7, Problem 14P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The major product of the reaction of 2-methyl-2-butene with $\text{HBr}$ should be given.

Concept introduction:

Radical or free radical: unpaired valence electron of an atom, molecule, or ion is called as radical.

Bond strength is depends on the formation of the radical, if the radical is involving in resonance which is weakest bond strength.

Peroxide is a radical initiator, it has O-O bond in the molecule.

It is used in the radical reaction for the radical initiator.

Markovnikov’s rule:

Alkene undergoes hydrohalogenation using hydrogen halide through breaking of carbon to carbon double bond, followed by the electrophilic addition of a hydrogen atom and halogen. The halide ion will add to the more substituted carbon in the alkene.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The major product of the reaction of 2-methyl-2-butene with $\text{HCl}$ should be given.

Concept introduction:

Radical or free radical: unpaired valence electron of an atom, molecule, or ion is called as radical.

Bond strength is depends on the formation of the radical, if the radical is involving in resonance which is weakest bond strength.

Peroxide is a radical initiator, it has O-O bond in the molecule.

It is used in the radical reaction for the radical initiator.

Markovnikov’s rule:

Alkene undergoes hydrohalogenation using hydrogen halide through breaking of carbon to carbon double bond, followed by the electrophilic addition of a hydrogen atom and halogen. The halide ion will add to the more substituted carbon in the alkene.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The major product of the reaction of 2-methyl-2-butene with $\text{HBr + peroxide}$ should be given.

Concept introduction:

Radical or free radical: unpaired valence electron of an atom, molecule, or ion is called as radical.

Bond strength is depends on the formation of the radical, if the radical is involving in resonance which is weakest bond strength.

Peroxide is a radical initiator, it has O-O bond in the molecule.

It is used in the radical reaction for the radical initiator.

Bromination of alkene in presence of peroxide:

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The major product of the reaction of 2-methyl-2-butene with $\text{HCl + peroxide}$ should be given.

Concept introduction:

Radical or free radical: unpaired valence electron of an atom, molecule, or ion is called as radical.

Bond strength is depends on the formation of the radical, if the radical is involving in resonance which is weakest bond strength.

Peroxide is a radical initiator, it has O-O bond in the molecule.

It is used in the radical reaction for the radical initiator.

Chlorination or iodination of alkene in presence of peroxide:

${\text{Cl}}_{\text{2}}$ is the chlorinating agent and it is used as a source of chlorine in the radical reaction. It undergoes homolytic cleavage and forms chlorine radical. Chlorine radical adds to the carbon which is bonded with less hydrogen atom.  The chlorination or iodination reaction is not like bromination in the presence of peroxy acid.