For problem 4, the number of alkyl halides obtained from monochlorination of alkanes if stereoisomers are included has be given. Concept introduction: Distribution of products based on Probability and Reactivity: Depending on the relative rate of alkyl radical formation, the type of chlorination product obtained differs. At room temperature, it is 5.00 times easier for a chlorine radical to form a tertiary radical than a primary radical, and it is 3.8 times easier to form a secondary radical than a primary radical. These, ratios differ at different temperatures. Chiral: Four different atoms attached to a carbon atom is called chiral molecule . Stereoisomers: Stereoisomers are molecules that have the same molecular formula and they differ only in arrangement of atom in three-dimensional space. Enantiomers: A compound which is non-superimposable mirror image is called enantiomers. Diastereomers: A compound which is non-superimposable and non-mirror image is called enantiomers Racemic mixture: A racemic mixture is simply a mixture containing an equal amount of each enantiomer

Question

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 12.4, Problem 6P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For problem 4, the number of alkyl halides obtained from monochlorination of alkanes if stereoisomers are included has be given.

Concept introduction:

Distribution of products based on Probability and Reactivity:

Depending on the relative rate of alkyl radical formation, the type of chlorination product obtained differs. At room temperature, it is 5.00 times easier for a chlorine radical to form a tertiary radical than a primary radical, and it is 3.8 times easier to form a secondary radical than a primary radical. These, ratios differ at different temperatures.

Chiral: Four different atoms attached to a carbon atom is called chiral molecule.

Stereoisomers: Stereoisomers are molecules that have the same molecular formula and they differ only in arrangement of atom in three-dimensional space.

Enantiomers: A compound which is non-superimposable mirror image is called enantiomers.

Diastereomers: A compound which is non-superimposable and non-mirror image is called enantiomers

Racemic mixture: A racemic mixture is simply a mixture containing an equal amount of each enantiomer

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For problem 4, the number of alkyl halides obtained from monochlorination of alkanes if stereoisomers are included has be given.

Concept introduction:

Radical or free radical: unpaired valence electron of an atom, molecule, or ion is called as radical.

Chiral: Four different atoms attached to a carbon atom is called chiral molecule.

Stereoisomers: Stereoisomers are molecules that have the same molecular formula and they differ only in arrangement of atom in three-dimensional space.

Enantiomers: A compound which is non-superimposable mirror image is called enantiomers.

Diastereomers: A compound which is non-superimposable and non-mirror image is called enantiomers

Racemic mixture: A racemic mixture is simply a mixture containing an equal amount of each enantiomer

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For problem 4, the number of alkyl halides obtained from monochlorination of alkanes if stereoisomers are included has be given.

Concept introduction:

Radical or free radical: unpaired valence electron of an atom, molecule, or ion is called as radical.

Chiral: Four different atoms attached to a carbon atom is called chiral molecule.

Stereoisomers: Stereoisomers are molecules that have the same molecular formula and they differ only in arrangement of atom in three-dimensional space.

Enantiomers: A compound which is non-superimposable mirror image is called enantiomers.

Diastereomers: A compound which is non-superimposable and non-mirror image is called enantiomers

Racemic mixture: A racemic mixture is simply a mixture containing an equal amount of each enantiomer

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For problem 4, the number of alkyl halides obtained from monochlorination of alkanes if stereoisomers are included has be given.

Concept introduction:

Radical or free radical: unpaired valence electron of an atom, molecule, or ion is called as radical.

Chiral: Four different atoms attached to a carbon atom is called chiral molecule.

Stereoisomers: Stereoisomers are molecules that have the same molecular formula and they differ only in arrangement of atom in three-dimensional space.

Enantiomers: A compound which is non-superimposable mirror image is called enantiomers.

Diastereomers: A compound which is non-superimposable and non-mirror image is called enantiomers

Racemic mixture: A racemic mixture is simply a mixture containing an equal amount of each enantiomer

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For problem 4, the number of alkyl halides obtained from monochlorination of alkanes if stereoisomers are included has be given.

Concept introduction:

Radical or free radical: unpaired valence electron of an atom, molecule, or ion is called as radical.

Chiral: Four different atoms attached to a carbon atom is called chiral molecule.

Stereoisomers: Stereoisomers are molecules that have the same molecular formula and they differ only in arrangement of atom in three-dimensional space.

Enantiomers: A compound which is non-superimposable mirror image is called enantiomers.

Diastereomers: A compound which is non-superimposable and non-mirror image is called enantiomers

Racemic mixture: A racemic mixture is simply a mixture containing an equal amount of each enantiomer.

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For problem 4, the number of alkyl halides obtained from monochlorination of alkanes if stereoisomers are included has be given.

Concept introduction:

Radical or free radical: unpaired valence electron of an atom, molecule, or ion is called as radical.

Chiral: Four different atoms attached to a carbon atom is called chiral molecule.

Stereoisomers: Stereoisomers are molecules that have the same molecular formula and they differ only in arrangement of atom in three-dimensional space.

Enantiomers: A compound which is non-superimposable mirror image is called enantiomers.

Diastereomers: A compound which is non-superimposable and non-mirror image is called enantiomers

Racemic mixture: A racemic mixture is simply a mixture containing an equal amount of each enantiomer

(g)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For problem 4, the number of alkyl halides obtained from monochlorination of alkanes if stereoisomers are included has be given.

Concept introduction:

Radical or free radical: unpaired valence electron of an atom, molecule, or ion is called as radical.

Chiral: Four different atoms attached to a carbon atom is called chiral molecule.

Stereoisomers: Stereoisomers are molecules that have the same molecular formula and they differ only in arrangement of atom in three-dimensional space.

Enantiomers: A compound which is non-superimposable mirror image is called enantiomers.

Diastereomers: A compound which is non-superimposable and non-mirror image is called enantiomers

Racemic mixture: A racemic mixture is simply a mixture containing an equal amount of each enantiomer

(h)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For problem 4, the number of alkyl halides obtained from monochlorination of alkanes if stereoisomers are included has be given.

Concept introduction:

Radical or free radical: unpaired valence electron of an atom, molecule, or ion is called as radical.

Chiral: Four different atoms attached to a carbon atom is called chiral molecule.

Stereoisomers: Stereoisomers are molecules that have the same molecular formula and they differ only in arrangement of atom in three-dimensional space.

Enantiomers: A compound which is non-superimposable mirror image is called enantiomers.

Diastereomers: A compound which is non-superimposable and non-mirror image is called enantiomers

Racemic mixture: A racemic mixture is simply a mixture containing an equal amount of each enantiomer

(i)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For problem 4, the number of alkyl halides obtained from monochlorination of alkanes if stereoisomers are included has be given.

Concept introduction:

Radical or free radical: unpaired valence electron of an atom, molecule, or ion is called as radical.

Chiral: Four different atoms attached to a carbon atom is called chiral molecule.

Stereoisomers: Stereoisomers are molecules that have the same molecular formula and they differ only in arrangement of atom in three-dimensional space.

Enantiomers: A compound which is non-superimposable mirror image is called enantiomers.

Diastereomers: A compound which is non-superimposable and non-mirror image is called enantiomers

Racemic mixture: A racemic mixture is simply a mixture containing an equal amount of each enantiomer

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Using reaction free energy to predict equilibrium composition Consider the following equilibrium: 2NOCI (g) 2NO (g) + Cl2 (g) AGº =41. kJ Now suppose a reaction vessel is filled with 4.50 atm of nitrosyl chloride (NOCI) and 6.38 atm of chlorine (C12) at 212. °C. Answer the following questions about this system: ? rise Under these conditions, will the pressure of NOCI tend to rise or fall? x10 fall Is it possible to reverse this tendency by adding NO? In other words, if you said the pressure of NOCI will tend to rise, can that be changed to a tendency to fall by adding NO? Similarly, if you said the pressure of NOCI will tend to fall, can that be changed to a tendency to rise by adding NO? yes no If you said the tendency can be reversed in the second question, calculate the minimum pressure of NO needed to reverse it. Round your answer to 2 significant digits. 0.035 atm ✓ G 00. 18 Ar

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Answer 2

Question

Chapter 12.4, Problem 6P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For problem 4, the number of alkyl halides obtained from monochlorination of alkanes if stereoisomers are included has be given.

Concept introduction:

Distribution of products based on Probability and Reactivity:

Depending on the relative rate of alkyl radical formation, the type of chlorination product obtained differs. At room temperature, it is 5.00 times easier for a chlorine radical to form a tertiary radical than a primary radical, and it is 3.8 times easier to form a secondary radical than a primary radical. These, ratios differ at different temperatures.

Chiral: Four different atoms attached to a carbon atom is called chiral molecule.

Stereoisomers: Stereoisomers are molecules that have the same molecular formula and they differ only in arrangement of atom in three-dimensional space.

Enantiomers: A compound which is non-superimposable mirror image is called enantiomers.

Diastereomers: A compound which is non-superimposable and non-mirror image is called enantiomers

Racemic mixture: A racemic mixture is simply a mixture containing an equal amount of each enantiomer

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For problem 4, the number of alkyl halides obtained from monochlorination of alkanes if stereoisomers are included has be given.

Concept introduction:

Radical or free radical: unpaired valence electron of an atom, molecule, or ion is called as radical.

Chiral: Four different atoms attached to a carbon atom is called chiral molecule.

Stereoisomers: Stereoisomers are molecules that have the same molecular formula and they differ only in arrangement of atom in three-dimensional space.

Enantiomers: A compound which is non-superimposable mirror image is called enantiomers.

Diastereomers: A compound which is non-superimposable and non-mirror image is called enantiomers

Racemic mixture: A racemic mixture is simply a mixture containing an equal amount of each enantiomer

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For problem 4, the number of alkyl halides obtained from monochlorination of alkanes if stereoisomers are included has be given.

Concept introduction:

Radical or free radical: unpaired valence electron of an atom, molecule, or ion is called as radical.

Chiral: Four different atoms attached to a carbon atom is called chiral molecule.

Stereoisomers: Stereoisomers are molecules that have the same molecular formula and they differ only in arrangement of atom in three-dimensional space.

Enantiomers: A compound which is non-superimposable mirror image is called enantiomers.

Diastereomers: A compound which is non-superimposable and non-mirror image is called enantiomers

Racemic mixture: A racemic mixture is simply a mixture containing an equal amount of each enantiomer

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For problem 4, the number of alkyl halides obtained from monochlorination of alkanes if stereoisomers are included has be given.

Concept introduction:

Radical or free radical: unpaired valence electron of an atom, molecule, or ion is called as radical.

Chiral: Four different atoms attached to a carbon atom is called chiral molecule.

Stereoisomers: Stereoisomers are molecules that have the same molecular formula and they differ only in arrangement of atom in three-dimensional space.

Enantiomers: A compound which is non-superimposable mirror image is called enantiomers.

Diastereomers: A compound which is non-superimposable and non-mirror image is called enantiomers

Racemic mixture: A racemic mixture is simply a mixture containing an equal amount of each enantiomer

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For problem 4, the number of alkyl halides obtained from monochlorination of alkanes if stereoisomers are included has be given.

Concept introduction:

Radical or free radical: unpaired valence electron of an atom, molecule, or ion is called as radical.

Chiral: Four different atoms attached to a carbon atom is called chiral molecule.

Stereoisomers: Stereoisomers are molecules that have the same molecular formula and they differ only in arrangement of atom in three-dimensional space.

Enantiomers: A compound which is non-superimposable mirror image is called enantiomers.

Diastereomers: A compound which is non-superimposable and non-mirror image is called enantiomers

Racemic mixture: A racemic mixture is simply a mixture containing an equal amount of each enantiomer.

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For problem 4, the number of alkyl halides obtained from monochlorination of alkanes if stereoisomers are included has be given.

Concept introduction:

Radical or free radical: unpaired valence electron of an atom, molecule, or ion is called as radical.

Chiral: Four different atoms attached to a carbon atom is called chiral molecule.

Stereoisomers: Stereoisomers are molecules that have the same molecular formula and they differ only in arrangement of atom in three-dimensional space.

Enantiomers: A compound which is non-superimposable mirror image is called enantiomers.

Diastereomers: A compound which is non-superimposable and non-mirror image is called enantiomers

Racemic mixture: A racemic mixture is simply a mixture containing an equal amount of each enantiomer

(g)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For problem 4, the number of alkyl halides obtained from monochlorination of alkanes if stereoisomers are included has be given.

Concept introduction:

Radical or free radical: unpaired valence electron of an atom, molecule, or ion is called as radical.

Chiral: Four different atoms attached to a carbon atom is called chiral molecule.

Stereoisomers: Stereoisomers are molecules that have the same molecular formula and they differ only in arrangement of atom in three-dimensional space.

Enantiomers: A compound which is non-superimposable mirror image is called enantiomers.

Diastereomers: A compound which is non-superimposable and non-mirror image is called enantiomers

Racemic mixture: A racemic mixture is simply a mixture containing an equal amount of each enantiomer

(h)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For problem 4, the number of alkyl halides obtained from monochlorination of alkanes if stereoisomers are included has be given.

Concept introduction:

Radical or free radical: unpaired valence electron of an atom, molecule, or ion is called as radical.

Chiral: Four different atoms attached to a carbon atom is called chiral molecule.

Stereoisomers: Stereoisomers are molecules that have the same molecular formula and they differ only in arrangement of atom in three-dimensional space.

Enantiomers: A compound which is non-superimposable mirror image is called enantiomers.

Diastereomers: A compound which is non-superimposable and non-mirror image is called enantiomers

Racemic mixture: A racemic mixture is simply a mixture containing an equal amount of each enantiomer

(i)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For problem 4, the number of alkyl halides obtained from monochlorination of alkanes if stereoisomers are included has be given.

Concept introduction:

Radical or free radical: unpaired valence electron of an atom, molecule, or ion is called as radical.

Chiral: Four different atoms attached to a carbon atom is called chiral molecule.

Stereoisomers: Stereoisomers are molecules that have the same molecular formula and they differ only in arrangement of atom in three-dimensional space.

Enantiomers: A compound which is non-superimposable mirror image is called enantiomers.

Diastereomers: A compound which is non-superimposable and non-mirror image is called enantiomers

Racemic mixture: A racemic mixture is simply a mixture containing an equal amount of each enantiomer

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 12.4, Problem 6P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For problem 4, the number of alkyl halides obtained from monochlorination of alkanes if stereoisomers are included has be given.

Concept introduction:

Distribution of products based on Probability and Reactivity:

Depending on the relative rate of alkyl radical formation, the type of chlorination product obtained differs. At room temperature, it is 5.00 times easier for a chlorine radical to form a tertiary radical than a primary radical, and it is 3.8 times easier to form a secondary radical than a primary radical. These, ratios differ at different temperatures.

Chiral: Four different atoms attached to a carbon atom is called chiral molecule.

Stereoisomers: Stereoisomers are molecules that have the same molecular formula and they differ only in arrangement of atom in three-dimensional space.

Enantiomers: A compound which is non-superimposable mirror image is called enantiomers.

Diastereomers: A compound which is non-superimposable and non-mirror image is called enantiomers

Racemic mixture: A racemic mixture is simply a mixture containing an equal amount of each enantiomer

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For problem 4, the number of alkyl halides obtained from monochlorination of alkanes if stereoisomers are included has be given.

Concept introduction:

Radical or free radical: unpaired valence electron of an atom, molecule, or ion is called as radical.

Chiral: Four different atoms attached to a carbon atom is called chiral molecule.

Stereoisomers: Stereoisomers are molecules that have the same molecular formula and they differ only in arrangement of atom in three-dimensional space.

Enantiomers: A compound which is non-superimposable mirror image is called enantiomers.

Diastereomers: A compound which is non-superimposable and non-mirror image is called enantiomers

Racemic mixture: A racemic mixture is simply a mixture containing an equal amount of each enantiomer

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For problem 4, the number of alkyl halides obtained from monochlorination of alkanes if stereoisomers are included has be given.

Concept introduction:

Radical or free radical: unpaired valence electron of an atom, molecule, or ion is called as radical.

Chiral: Four different atoms attached to a carbon atom is called chiral molecule.

Stereoisomers: Stereoisomers are molecules that have the same molecular formula and they differ only in arrangement of atom in three-dimensional space.

Enantiomers: A compound which is non-superimposable mirror image is called enantiomers.

Diastereomers: A compound which is non-superimposable and non-mirror image is called enantiomers

Racemic mixture: A racemic mixture is simply a mixture containing an equal amount of each enantiomer

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For problem 4, the number of alkyl halides obtained from monochlorination of alkanes if stereoisomers are included has be given.

Concept introduction:

Radical or free radical: unpaired valence electron of an atom, molecule, or ion is called as radical.

Chiral: Four different atoms attached to a carbon atom is called chiral molecule.

Stereoisomers: Stereoisomers are molecules that have the same molecular formula and they differ only in arrangement of atom in three-dimensional space.

Enantiomers: A compound which is non-superimposable mirror image is called enantiomers.

Diastereomers: A compound which is non-superimposable and non-mirror image is called enantiomers

Racemic mixture: A racemic mixture is simply a mixture containing an equal amount of each enantiomer

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For problem 4, the number of alkyl halides obtained from monochlorination of alkanes if stereoisomers are included has be given.

Concept introduction:

Radical or free radical: unpaired valence electron of an atom, molecule, or ion is called as radical.

Chiral: Four different atoms attached to a carbon atom is called chiral molecule.

Stereoisomers: Stereoisomers are molecules that have the same molecular formula and they differ only in arrangement of atom in three-dimensional space.

Enantiomers: A compound which is non-superimposable mirror image is called enantiomers.

Diastereomers: A compound which is non-superimposable and non-mirror image is called enantiomers

Racemic mixture: A racemic mixture is simply a mixture containing an equal amount of each enantiomer.

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For problem 4, the number of alkyl halides obtained from monochlorination of alkanes if stereoisomers are included has be given.

Concept introduction:

Radical or free radical: unpaired valence electron of an atom, molecule, or ion is called as radical.

Chiral: Four different atoms attached to a carbon atom is called chiral molecule.

Stereoisomers: Stereoisomers are molecules that have the same molecular formula and they differ only in arrangement of atom in three-dimensional space.

Enantiomers: A compound which is non-superimposable mirror image is called enantiomers.

Diastereomers: A compound which is non-superimposable and non-mirror image is called enantiomers

Racemic mixture: A racemic mixture is simply a mixture containing an equal amount of each enantiomer

(g)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For problem 4, the number of alkyl halides obtained from monochlorination of alkanes if stereoisomers are included has be given.

Concept introduction:

Radical or free radical: unpaired valence electron of an atom, molecule, or ion is called as radical.

Chiral: Four different atoms attached to a carbon atom is called chiral molecule.

Stereoisomers: Stereoisomers are molecules that have the same molecular formula and they differ only in arrangement of atom in three-dimensional space.

Enantiomers: A compound which is non-superimposable mirror image is called enantiomers.

Diastereomers: A compound which is non-superimposable and non-mirror image is called enantiomers

Racemic mixture: A racemic mixture is simply a mixture containing an equal amount of each enantiomer

(h)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For problem 4, the number of alkyl halides obtained from monochlorination of alkanes if stereoisomers are included has be given.

Concept introduction:

Radical or free radical: unpaired valence electron of an atom, molecule, or ion is called as radical.

Chiral: Four different atoms attached to a carbon atom is called chiral molecule.

Stereoisomers: Stereoisomers are molecules that have the same molecular formula and they differ only in arrangement of atom in three-dimensional space.

Enantiomers: A compound which is non-superimposable mirror image is called enantiomers.

Diastereomers: A compound which is non-superimposable and non-mirror image is called enantiomers

Racemic mixture: A racemic mixture is simply a mixture containing an equal amount of each enantiomer

(i)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For problem 4, the number of alkyl halides obtained from monochlorination of alkanes if stereoisomers are included has be given.

Concept introduction:

Radical or free radical: unpaired valence electron of an atom, molecule, or ion is called as radical.

Chiral: Four different atoms attached to a carbon atom is called chiral molecule.

Stereoisomers: Stereoisomers are molecules that have the same molecular formula and they differ only in arrangement of atom in three-dimensional space.

Enantiomers: A compound which is non-superimposable mirror image is called enantiomers.

Diastereomers: A compound which is non-superimposable and non-mirror image is called enantiomers

Racemic mixture: A racemic mixture is simply a mixture containing an equal amount of each enantiomer

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See solution

Answer 4

Question

Chapter 12.4, Problem 6P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For problem 4, the number of alkyl halides obtained from monochlorination of alkanes if stereoisomers are included has be given.

Concept introduction:

Distribution of products based on Probability and Reactivity:

Depending on the relative rate of alkyl radical formation, the type of chlorination product obtained differs. At room temperature, it is 5.00 times easier for a chlorine radical to form a tertiary radical than a primary radical, and it is 3.8 times easier to form a secondary radical than a primary radical. These, ratios differ at different temperatures.

Chiral: Four different atoms attached to a carbon atom is called chiral molecule.

Stereoisomers: Stereoisomers are molecules that have the same molecular formula and they differ only in arrangement of atom in three-dimensional space.

Enantiomers: A compound which is non-superimposable mirror image is called enantiomers.

Diastereomers: A compound which is non-superimposable and non-mirror image is called enantiomers

Racemic mixture: A racemic mixture is simply a mixture containing an equal amount of each enantiomer

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For problem 4, the number of alkyl halides obtained from monochlorination of alkanes if stereoisomers are included has be given.

Concept introduction:

Radical or free radical: unpaired valence electron of an atom, molecule, or ion is called as radical.

Chiral: Four different atoms attached to a carbon atom is called chiral molecule.

Stereoisomers: Stereoisomers are molecules that have the same molecular formula and they differ only in arrangement of atom in three-dimensional space.

Enantiomers: A compound which is non-superimposable mirror image is called enantiomers.

Diastereomers: A compound which is non-superimposable and non-mirror image is called enantiomers

Racemic mixture: A racemic mixture is simply a mixture containing an equal amount of each enantiomer

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For problem 4, the number of alkyl halides obtained from monochlorination of alkanes if stereoisomers are included has be given.

Concept introduction:

Radical or free radical: unpaired valence electron of an atom, molecule, or ion is called as radical.

Chiral: Four different atoms attached to a carbon atom is called chiral molecule.

Stereoisomers: Stereoisomers are molecules that have the same molecular formula and they differ only in arrangement of atom in three-dimensional space.

Enantiomers: A compound which is non-superimposable mirror image is called enantiomers.

Diastereomers: A compound which is non-superimposable and non-mirror image is called enantiomers

Racemic mixture: A racemic mixture is simply a mixture containing an equal amount of each enantiomer

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For problem 4, the number of alkyl halides obtained from monochlorination of alkanes if stereoisomers are included has be given.

Concept introduction:

Radical or free radical: unpaired valence electron of an atom, molecule, or ion is called as radical.

Chiral: Four different atoms attached to a carbon atom is called chiral molecule.

Stereoisomers: Stereoisomers are molecules that have the same molecular formula and they differ only in arrangement of atom in three-dimensional space.

Enantiomers: A compound which is non-superimposable mirror image is called enantiomers.

Diastereomers: A compound which is non-superimposable and non-mirror image is called enantiomers

Racemic mixture: A racemic mixture is simply a mixture containing an equal amount of each enantiomer

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For problem 4, the number of alkyl halides obtained from monochlorination of alkanes if stereoisomers are included has be given.

Concept introduction:

Radical or free radical: unpaired valence electron of an atom, molecule, or ion is called as radical.

Chiral: Four different atoms attached to a carbon atom is called chiral molecule.

Stereoisomers: Stereoisomers are molecules that have the same molecular formula and they differ only in arrangement of atom in three-dimensional space.

Enantiomers: A compound which is non-superimposable mirror image is called enantiomers.

Diastereomers: A compound which is non-superimposable and non-mirror image is called enantiomers

Racemic mixture: A racemic mixture is simply a mixture containing an equal amount of each enantiomer.

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For problem 4, the number of alkyl halides obtained from monochlorination of alkanes if stereoisomers are included has be given.

Concept introduction:

Radical or free radical: unpaired valence electron of an atom, molecule, or ion is called as radical.

Chiral: Four different atoms attached to a carbon atom is called chiral molecule.

Stereoisomers: Stereoisomers are molecules that have the same molecular formula and they differ only in arrangement of atom in three-dimensional space.

Enantiomers: A compound which is non-superimposable mirror image is called enantiomers.

Diastereomers: A compound which is non-superimposable and non-mirror image is called enantiomers

Racemic mixture: A racemic mixture is simply a mixture containing an equal amount of each enantiomer

(g)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For problem 4, the number of alkyl halides obtained from monochlorination of alkanes if stereoisomers are included has be given.

Concept introduction:

Radical or free radical: unpaired valence electron of an atom, molecule, or ion is called as radical.

Chiral: Four different atoms attached to a carbon atom is called chiral molecule.

Stereoisomers: Stereoisomers are molecules that have the same molecular formula and they differ only in arrangement of atom in three-dimensional space.

Enantiomers: A compound which is non-superimposable mirror image is called enantiomers.

Diastereomers: A compound which is non-superimposable and non-mirror image is called enantiomers

Racemic mixture: A racemic mixture is simply a mixture containing an equal amount of each enantiomer

(h)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For problem 4, the number of alkyl halides obtained from monochlorination of alkanes if stereoisomers are included has be given.

Concept introduction:

Radical or free radical: unpaired valence electron of an atom, molecule, or ion is called as radical.

Chiral: Four different atoms attached to a carbon atom is called chiral molecule.

Stereoisomers: Stereoisomers are molecules that have the same molecular formula and they differ only in arrangement of atom in three-dimensional space.

Enantiomers: A compound which is non-superimposable mirror image is called enantiomers.

Diastereomers: A compound which is non-superimposable and non-mirror image is called enantiomers

Racemic mixture: A racemic mixture is simply a mixture containing an equal amount of each enantiomer

(i)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For problem 4, the number of alkyl halides obtained from monochlorination of alkanes if stereoisomers are included has be given.

Concept introduction:

Radical or free radical: unpaired valence electron of an atom, molecule, or ion is called as radical.

Chiral: Four different atoms attached to a carbon atom is called chiral molecule.

Stereoisomers: Stereoisomers are molecules that have the same molecular formula and they differ only in arrangement of atom in three-dimensional space.

Enantiomers: A compound which is non-superimposable mirror image is called enantiomers.

Diastereomers: A compound which is non-superimposable and non-mirror image is called enantiomers

Racemic mixture: A racemic mixture is simply a mixture containing an equal amount of each enantiomer

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Answer 5

Chapter 12.4, Problem 6P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For problem 4, the number of alkyl halides obtained from monochlorination of alkanes if stereoisomers are included has be given.

Concept introduction:

Distribution of products based on Probability and Reactivity:

Depending on the relative rate of alkyl radical formation, the type of chlorination product obtained differs. At room temperature, it is 5.00 times easier for a chlorine radical to form a tertiary radical than a primary radical, and it is 3.8 times easier to form a secondary radical than a primary radical. These, ratios differ at different temperatures.

Chiral: Four different atoms attached to a carbon atom is called chiral molecule.

Stereoisomers: Stereoisomers are molecules that have the same molecular formula and they differ only in arrangement of atom in three-dimensional space.

Enantiomers: A compound which is non-superimposable mirror image is called enantiomers.

Diastereomers: A compound which is non-superimposable and non-mirror image is called enantiomers

Racemic mixture: A racemic mixture is simply a mixture containing an equal amount of each enantiomer

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For problem 4, the number of alkyl halides obtained from monochlorination of alkanes if stereoisomers are included has be given.

Concept introduction:

Radical or free radical: unpaired valence electron of an atom, molecule, or ion is called as radical.

Chiral: Four different atoms attached to a carbon atom is called chiral molecule.

Stereoisomers: Stereoisomers are molecules that have the same molecular formula and they differ only in arrangement of atom in three-dimensional space.

Enantiomers: A compound which is non-superimposable mirror image is called enantiomers.

Diastereomers: A compound which is non-superimposable and non-mirror image is called enantiomers

Racemic mixture: A racemic mixture is simply a mixture containing an equal amount of each enantiomer

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For problem 4, the number of alkyl halides obtained from monochlorination of alkanes if stereoisomers are included has be given.

Concept introduction:

Radical or free radical: unpaired valence electron of an atom, molecule, or ion is called as radical.

Chiral: Four different atoms attached to a carbon atom is called chiral molecule.

Stereoisomers: Stereoisomers are molecules that have the same molecular formula and they differ only in arrangement of atom in three-dimensional space.

Enantiomers: A compound which is non-superimposable mirror image is called enantiomers.

Diastereomers: A compound which is non-superimposable and non-mirror image is called enantiomers

Racemic mixture: A racemic mixture is simply a mixture containing an equal amount of each enantiomer

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For problem 4, the number of alkyl halides obtained from monochlorination of alkanes if stereoisomers are included has be given.

Concept introduction:

Radical or free radical: unpaired valence electron of an atom, molecule, or ion is called as radical.

Chiral: Four different atoms attached to a carbon atom is called chiral molecule.

Stereoisomers: Stereoisomers are molecules that have the same molecular formula and they differ only in arrangement of atom in three-dimensional space.

Enantiomers: A compound which is non-superimposable mirror image is called enantiomers.

Diastereomers: A compound which is non-superimposable and non-mirror image is called enantiomers

Racemic mixture: A racemic mixture is simply a mixture containing an equal amount of each enantiomer

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For problem 4, the number of alkyl halides obtained from monochlorination of alkanes if stereoisomers are included has be given.

Concept introduction:

Radical or free radical: unpaired valence electron of an atom, molecule, or ion is called as radical.

Chiral: Four different atoms attached to a carbon atom is called chiral molecule.

Stereoisomers: Stereoisomers are molecules that have the same molecular formula and they differ only in arrangement of atom in three-dimensional space.

Enantiomers: A compound which is non-superimposable mirror image is called enantiomers.

Diastereomers: A compound which is non-superimposable and non-mirror image is called enantiomers

Racemic mixture: A racemic mixture is simply a mixture containing an equal amount of each enantiomer.

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For problem 4, the number of alkyl halides obtained from monochlorination of alkanes if stereoisomers are included has be given.

Concept introduction:

Radical or free radical: unpaired valence electron of an atom, molecule, or ion is called as radical.

Chiral: Four different atoms attached to a carbon atom is called chiral molecule.

Stereoisomers: Stereoisomers are molecules that have the same molecular formula and they differ only in arrangement of atom in three-dimensional space.

Enantiomers: A compound which is non-superimposable mirror image is called enantiomers.

Diastereomers: A compound which is non-superimposable and non-mirror image is called enantiomers

Racemic mixture: A racemic mixture is simply a mixture containing an equal amount of each enantiomer

(g)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For problem 4, the number of alkyl halides obtained from monochlorination of alkanes if stereoisomers are included has be given.

Concept introduction:

Radical or free radical: unpaired valence electron of an atom, molecule, or ion is called as radical.

Chiral: Four different atoms attached to a carbon atom is called chiral molecule.

Stereoisomers: Stereoisomers are molecules that have the same molecular formula and they differ only in arrangement of atom in three-dimensional space.

Enantiomers: A compound which is non-superimposable mirror image is called enantiomers.

Diastereomers: A compound which is non-superimposable and non-mirror image is called enantiomers

Racemic mixture: A racemic mixture is simply a mixture containing an equal amount of each enantiomer

(h)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For problem 4, the number of alkyl halides obtained from monochlorination of alkanes if stereoisomers are included has be given.

Concept introduction:

Radical or free radical: unpaired valence electron of an atom, molecule, or ion is called as radical.

Chiral: Four different atoms attached to a carbon atom is called chiral molecule.

Stereoisomers: Stereoisomers are molecules that have the same molecular formula and they differ only in arrangement of atom in three-dimensional space.

Enantiomers: A compound which is non-superimposable mirror image is called enantiomers.

Diastereomers: A compound which is non-superimposable and non-mirror image is called enantiomers

Racemic mixture: A racemic mixture is simply a mixture containing an equal amount of each enantiomer

(i)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For problem 4, the number of alkyl halides obtained from monochlorination of alkanes if stereoisomers are included has be given.

Concept introduction:

Radical or free radical: unpaired valence electron of an atom, molecule, or ion is called as radical.

Chiral: Four different atoms attached to a carbon atom is called chiral molecule.

Stereoisomers: Stereoisomers are molecules that have the same molecular formula and they differ only in arrangement of atom in three-dimensional space.

Enantiomers: A compound which is non-superimposable mirror image is called enantiomers.

Diastereomers: A compound which is non-superimposable and non-mirror image is called enantiomers

Racemic mixture: A racemic mixture is simply a mixture containing an equal amount of each enantiomer

Answer 6

Chapter 12.4, Problem 6P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For problem 4, the number of alkyl halides obtained from monochlorination of alkanes if stereoisomers are included has be given.

Concept introduction:

Distribution of products based on Probability and Reactivity:

Depending on the relative rate of alkyl radical formation, the type of chlorination product obtained differs. At room temperature, it is 5.00 times easier for a chlorine radical to form a tertiary radical than a primary radical, and it is 3.8 times easier to form a secondary radical than a primary radical. These, ratios differ at different temperatures.

Chiral: Four different atoms attached to a carbon atom is called chiral molecule.

Stereoisomers: Stereoisomers are molecules that have the same molecular formula and they differ only in arrangement of atom in three-dimensional space.

Enantiomers: A compound which is non-superimposable mirror image is called enantiomers.

Diastereomers: A compound which is non-superimposable and non-mirror image is called enantiomers

Racemic mixture: A racemic mixture is simply a mixture containing an equal amount of each enantiomer

Answer 7

Chapter 12.4, Problem 6P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For problem 4, the number of alkyl halides obtained from monochlorination of alkanes if stereoisomers are included has be given.

Concept introduction:

Distribution of products based on Probability and Reactivity:

Depending on the relative rate of alkyl radical formation, the type of chlorination product obtained differs. At room temperature, it is 5.00 times easier for a chlorine radical to form a tertiary radical than a primary radical, and it is 3.8 times easier to form a secondary radical than a primary radical. These, ratios differ at different temperatures.

Chiral: Four different atoms attached to a carbon atom is called chiral molecule.

Stereoisomers: Stereoisomers are molecules that have the same molecular formula and they differ only in arrangement of atom in three-dimensional space.

Enantiomers: A compound which is non-superimposable mirror image is called enantiomers.

Diastereomers: A compound which is non-superimposable and non-mirror image is called enantiomers

Racemic mixture: A racemic mixture is simply a mixture containing an equal amount of each enantiomer

Answer 8

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For problem 4, the number of alkyl halides obtained from monochlorination of alkanes if stereoisomers are included has be given.

Concept introduction:

Radical or free radical: unpaired valence electron of an atom, molecule, or ion is called as radical.

Chiral: Four different atoms attached to a carbon atom is called chiral molecule.

Stereoisomers: Stereoisomers are molecules that have the same molecular formula and they differ only in arrangement of atom in three-dimensional space.

Enantiomers: A compound which is non-superimposable mirror image is called enantiomers.

Diastereomers: A compound which is non-superimposable and non-mirror image is called enantiomers

Racemic mixture: A racemic mixture is simply a mixture containing an equal amount of each enantiomer

Answer 9

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For problem 4, the number of alkyl halides obtained from monochlorination of alkanes if stereoisomers are included has be given.

Concept introduction:

Radical or free radical: unpaired valence electron of an atom, molecule, or ion is called as radical.

Chiral: Four different atoms attached to a carbon atom is called chiral molecule.

Stereoisomers: Stereoisomers are molecules that have the same molecular formula and they differ only in arrangement of atom in three-dimensional space.

Enantiomers: A compound which is non-superimposable mirror image is called enantiomers.

Diastereomers: A compound which is non-superimposable and non-mirror image is called enantiomers

Racemic mixture: A racemic mixture is simply a mixture containing an equal amount of each enantiomer

Answer 10

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For problem 4, the number of alkyl halides obtained from monochlorination of alkanes if stereoisomers are included has be given.

Concept introduction:

Radical or free radical: unpaired valence electron of an atom, molecule, or ion is called as radical.

Chiral: Four different atoms attached to a carbon atom is called chiral molecule.

Stereoisomers: Stereoisomers are molecules that have the same molecular formula and they differ only in arrangement of atom in three-dimensional space.

Enantiomers: A compound which is non-superimposable mirror image is called enantiomers.

Diastereomers: A compound which is non-superimposable and non-mirror image is called enantiomers

Racemic mixture: A racemic mixture is simply a mixture containing an equal amount of each enantiomer

Answer 11

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For problem 4, the number of alkyl halides obtained from monochlorination of alkanes if stereoisomers are included has be given.

Concept introduction:

Radical or free radical: unpaired valence electron of an atom, molecule, or ion is called as radical.

Chiral: Four different atoms attached to a carbon atom is called chiral molecule.

Stereoisomers: Stereoisomers are molecules that have the same molecular formula and they differ only in arrangement of atom in three-dimensional space.

Enantiomers: A compound which is non-superimposable mirror image is called enantiomers.

Diastereomers: A compound which is non-superimposable and non-mirror image is called enantiomers

Racemic mixture: A racemic mixture is simply a mixture containing an equal amount of each enantiomer

Answer 12

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For problem 4, the number of alkyl halides obtained from monochlorination of alkanes if stereoisomers are included has be given.

Concept introduction:

Radical or free radical: unpaired valence electron of an atom, molecule, or ion is called as radical.

Chiral: Four different atoms attached to a carbon atom is called chiral molecule.

Stereoisomers: Stereoisomers are molecules that have the same molecular formula and they differ only in arrangement of atom in three-dimensional space.

Enantiomers: A compound which is non-superimposable mirror image is called enantiomers.

Diastereomers: A compound which is non-superimposable and non-mirror image is called enantiomers

Racemic mixture: A racemic mixture is simply a mixture containing an equal amount of each enantiomer

Answer 13

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For problem 4, the number of alkyl halides obtained from monochlorination of alkanes if stereoisomers are included has be given.

Concept introduction:

Radical or free radical: unpaired valence electron of an atom, molecule, or ion is called as radical.

Chiral: Four different atoms attached to a carbon atom is called chiral molecule.

Stereoisomers: Stereoisomers are molecules that have the same molecular formula and they differ only in arrangement of atom in three-dimensional space.

Enantiomers: A compound which is non-superimposable mirror image is called enantiomers.

Diastereomers: A compound which is non-superimposable and non-mirror image is called enantiomers

Racemic mixture: A racemic mixture is simply a mixture containing an equal amount of each enantiomer

Answer 14

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For problem 4, the number of alkyl halides obtained from monochlorination of alkanes if stereoisomers are included has be given.

Concept introduction:

Radical or free radical: unpaired valence electron of an atom, molecule, or ion is called as radical.

Chiral: Four different atoms attached to a carbon atom is called chiral molecule.

Stereoisomers: Stereoisomers are molecules that have the same molecular formula and they differ only in arrangement of atom in three-dimensional space.

Enantiomers: A compound which is non-superimposable mirror image is called enantiomers.

Diastereomers: A compound which is non-superimposable and non-mirror image is called enantiomers

Racemic mixture: A racemic mixture is simply a mixture containing an equal amount of each enantiomer.

Answer 15

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For problem 4, the number of alkyl halides obtained from monochlorination of alkanes if stereoisomers are included has be given.

Concept introduction:

Radical or free radical: unpaired valence electron of an atom, molecule, or ion is called as radical.

Chiral: Four different atoms attached to a carbon atom is called chiral molecule.

Stereoisomers: Stereoisomers are molecules that have the same molecular formula and they differ only in arrangement of atom in three-dimensional space.

Enantiomers: A compound which is non-superimposable mirror image is called enantiomers.

Diastereomers: A compound which is non-superimposable and non-mirror image is called enantiomers

Racemic mixture: A racemic mixture is simply a mixture containing an equal amount of each enantiomer.

Answer 16

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For problem 4, the number of alkyl halides obtained from monochlorination of alkanes if stereoisomers are included has be given.

Concept introduction:

Radical or free radical: unpaired valence electron of an atom, molecule, or ion is called as radical.

Chiral: Four different atoms attached to a carbon atom is called chiral molecule.

Stereoisomers: Stereoisomers are molecules that have the same molecular formula and they differ only in arrangement of atom in three-dimensional space.

Enantiomers: A compound which is non-superimposable mirror image is called enantiomers.

Diastereomers: A compound which is non-superimposable and non-mirror image is called enantiomers

Racemic mixture: A racemic mixture is simply a mixture containing an equal amount of each enantiomer

Answer 17

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For problem 4, the number of alkyl halides obtained from monochlorination of alkanes if stereoisomers are included has be given.

Concept introduction:

Radical or free radical: unpaired valence electron of an atom, molecule, or ion is called as radical.

Chiral: Four different atoms attached to a carbon atom is called chiral molecule.

Stereoisomers: Stereoisomers are molecules that have the same molecular formula and they differ only in arrangement of atom in three-dimensional space.

Enantiomers: A compound which is non-superimposable mirror image is called enantiomers.

Diastereomers: A compound which is non-superimposable and non-mirror image is called enantiomers

Racemic mixture: A racemic mixture is simply a mixture containing an equal amount of each enantiomer

Answer 18

(g)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For problem 4, the number of alkyl halides obtained from monochlorination of alkanes if stereoisomers are included has be given.

Concept introduction:

Radical or free radical: unpaired valence electron of an atom, molecule, or ion is called as radical.

Chiral: Four different atoms attached to a carbon atom is called chiral molecule.

Stereoisomers: Stereoisomers are molecules that have the same molecular formula and they differ only in arrangement of atom in three-dimensional space.

Enantiomers: A compound which is non-superimposable mirror image is called enantiomers.

Diastereomers: A compound which is non-superimposable and non-mirror image is called enantiomers

Racemic mixture: A racemic mixture is simply a mixture containing an equal amount of each enantiomer

Answer 19

(g)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For problem 4, the number of alkyl halides obtained from monochlorination of alkanes if stereoisomers are included has be given.

Concept introduction:

Radical or free radical: unpaired valence electron of an atom, molecule, or ion is called as radical.

Chiral: Four different atoms attached to a carbon atom is called chiral molecule.

Stereoisomers: Stereoisomers are molecules that have the same molecular formula and they differ only in arrangement of atom in three-dimensional space.

Enantiomers: A compound which is non-superimposable mirror image is called enantiomers.

Diastereomers: A compound which is non-superimposable and non-mirror image is called enantiomers

Racemic mixture: A racemic mixture is simply a mixture containing an equal amount of each enantiomer

Answer 20

(h)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For problem 4, the number of alkyl halides obtained from monochlorination of alkanes if stereoisomers are included has be given.

Concept introduction:

Radical or free radical: unpaired valence electron of an atom, molecule, or ion is called as radical.

Chiral: Four different atoms attached to a carbon atom is called chiral molecule.

Stereoisomers: Stereoisomers are molecules that have the same molecular formula and they differ only in arrangement of atom in three-dimensional space.

Enantiomers: A compound which is non-superimposable mirror image is called enantiomers.

Diastereomers: A compound which is non-superimposable and non-mirror image is called enantiomers

Racemic mixture: A racemic mixture is simply a mixture containing an equal amount of each enantiomer

Answer 21

(h)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For problem 4, the number of alkyl halides obtained from monochlorination of alkanes if stereoisomers are included has be given.

Concept introduction:

Radical or free radical: unpaired valence electron of an atom, molecule, or ion is called as radical.

Chiral: Four different atoms attached to a carbon atom is called chiral molecule.

Stereoisomers: Stereoisomers are molecules that have the same molecular formula and they differ only in arrangement of atom in three-dimensional space.

Enantiomers: A compound which is non-superimposable mirror image is called enantiomers.

Diastereomers: A compound which is non-superimposable and non-mirror image is called enantiomers

Racemic mixture: A racemic mixture is simply a mixture containing an equal amount of each enantiomer

Answer 22

(i)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For problem 4, the number of alkyl halides obtained from monochlorination of alkanes if stereoisomers are included has be given.

Concept introduction:

Radical or free radical: unpaired valence electron of an atom, molecule, or ion is called as radical.

Chiral: Four different atoms attached to a carbon atom is called chiral molecule.

Stereoisomers: Stereoisomers are molecules that have the same molecular formula and they differ only in arrangement of atom in three-dimensional space.

Enantiomers: A compound which is non-superimposable mirror image is called enantiomers.

Diastereomers: A compound which is non-superimposable and non-mirror image is called enantiomers

Racemic mixture: A racemic mixture is simply a mixture containing an equal amount of each enantiomer

Answer 23

(i)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For problem 4, the number of alkyl halides obtained from monochlorination of alkanes if stereoisomers are included has be given.

Concept introduction:

Radical or free radical: unpaired valence electron of an atom, molecule, or ion is called as radical.

Chiral: Four different atoms attached to a carbon atom is called chiral molecule.

Stereoisomers: Stereoisomers are molecules that have the same molecular formula and they differ only in arrangement of atom in three-dimensional space.

Enantiomers: A compound which is non-superimposable mirror image is called enantiomers.

Diastereomers: A compound which is non-superimposable and non-mirror image is called enantiomers

Racemic mixture: A racemic mixture is simply a mixture containing an equal amount of each enantiomer

Answer 24

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 25

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 26

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Answer 27

Ch. 12.2 - Prob. 1P Ch. 12.2 - Write the steps for formation of...Ch. 12.3 - Prob. 3P Ch. 12.4 - How many alkyl chlorides are obtained from...Ch. 12.4 - Prob. 6P Ch. 12.5 - Prob. 8P Ch. 12.5 - a. Would chlorination or bromination produce a...Ch. 12.5 - Show how the following compounds could be prepared...Ch. 12.6 - Prob. 12P Ch. 12.7 - Prob. 13P

Solution Summary: The author explains the distribution of products based on Probability and Reactivity. Radical or free radical: unpaired valence electron of an atom, molecule, or ion is called as radical.

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