Essentials of Biology
Essentials of Biology
4th Edition
ISBN: 9780078024221
Author: Sylvia S. Mader Dr., Michael Windelspecht
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
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Chapter 12.3, Problem 1CYP
Summary Introduction

To distinguish:

Between the transgenic and the genetically modified organisms.

Introduction:

The genetically modified organisms (GMO) are formed by the cloning and insertion of the gene into the genome of organisms. This confers new traits in these organisms after the induction of this gene inside the genome. For example: the induction of genes of resistance in the plants against insecticides.

The technique of genetic engineering is used in bacteria to clone some genes of economic value like insulin, human growth hormones, tissue plasminogen activator factor, and hepatitis B vaccine. High yielding varieties of fruits like bananas, apple and grapes have been formed, which are included under the category of genetically modified organisms.

The transgenic technology uses the embryonic stem cells, which have the ability to divide and differentiate. These cells are injected inside the body inside the organs, which are damaged and destroyed. It is used for curing diseases like Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson disease. The process of therapeutic cloning was used to generate clones of animals like dolly sheep.

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A sample of blood was taken from the above individual and prepared for haemoglobin analysis. However, when water was added the cells did not lyse and looked normal in size and shape. The technician suspected that they had may have made an error in the protocol – what is the most likely explanation?   The cell membranes are more resistant than normal.   An isotonic solution had been added instead of water.   A solution of 0.1 M NaCl had been added instead of water.   Not enough water had been added to the red blood cell pellet.   The man had sickle-cell anaemia.
A sample of blood was taken from the above individual and prepared for haemoglobin analysis. However, when water was added the cells did not lyse and looked normal in size and shape. The technician suspected that they had may have made an error in the protocol – what is the most likely explanation?   The cell membranes are more resistant than normal.   An isotonic solution had been added instead of water.   A solution of 0.1 M NaCl had been added instead of water.   Not enough water had been added to the red blood cell pellet.   The man had sickle-cell anaemia.
With reference to their absorption spectra of the oxy haemoglobin intact line) and deoxyhemoglobin (broken line) shown in Figure 2 below, how would you best explain the reason why there are differences in the major peaks of the spectra? Figure 2. SPECTRA OF OXYGENATED AND DEOXYGENATED HAEMOGLOBIN OBTAINED WITH THE RECORDING SPECTROPHOTOMETER 1.4 Abs < 0.8 06 0.4 400 420 440 460 480 500 520 540 560 580 600 nm 1. The difference in the spectra is due to a pH change in the deoxy-haemoglobin due to uptake of CO2- 2. There is more oxygen-carrying plasma in the oxy-haemoglobin sample. 3. The change in Mr due to oxygen binding causes the oxy haemoglobin to have a higher absorbance peak. 4. Oxy-haemoglobin is contaminated by carbaminohemoglobin, and therefore has a higher absorbance peak 5. Oxy-haemoglobin absorbs more light of blue wavelengths and less of red wavelengths than deoxy-haemoglobin
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