
Concept explainers
For exercises 12.51-12.53, evaluate the study based on the extracts from the study abstracts by answering the following questions:
a. What is the research question that the investigators are trying the answer?
b. What is their answer to the research question?
c. What were the methods they used to collect data?
d. Is the conclusion appropriate for the methods used to collect data?
e. To what population do the conclusions apply?
f. Have the results been replicated (reproduced) in other articles?
What Would Batman Do? Researchers have found that psychological distance from our current situation facilitates self-control and allows individuals to transcend urgencies of a situation by taking a more distanced perspective. Executive
Method: Three-year old
Results: Five-year-olds benefited from taking a self-distanced perspective on an executive function task through third person self-talk as well as taking the perspective of an exemplar other, such as Batman. Three-year-olds did not show increased EF performance as a function of greater distance from self.
Conclusion: The current study revealed the power of self-distancing to facilitate reflective, goal-directed action in the context of a cool EF task for young children. Children’s ability to improve EF by mentally transcending their context underscores the critical role that representational capacities play in the development of self-control.

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Chapter 12 Solutions
Introductory Statistics
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