Accomplishment of each of the given transformations is to be shown. Concept introduction: Swern Oxidation converts primary and secondary alcohols into aldehydes and ketones , respectively. The catalyst used is DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide), oxalyl chloride in triethylamine (organic base). Reduction of alkyl halides to hydrocarbons is achieved by treating alkyl halides with lithium aluminum hydride ( LiAlH 4 ) . Chromic acid oxidation: Oxidation of primary alcohols to aldehydes and use of hydronium (aqueous medium) to further oxidize the aldehydes to carboxylic acids is achieved by chromic acid and water. Secondary alcohols are oxidized into ketones and no further reaction is involved, since there are no hydrogens attached to the oxygen to be removed. Pyridinium Chlorochromate (PPC): PPC is formed from pyridine, hydrochloric acid and chromium oxide. This allows for controlled oxidation since this reaction takes place in anhydrous conditions. Potassium Permanganate: Potassium permanganate is a strong oxidizing agent. It converts the primary alcohols and aldehydes to their corresponding carboxylic acids. It converts secondary alcohols to ketones. This is not a controlled reaction since the reaction occurs in aqueous medium. When an oxidation takes place, the hydrogen atom attached to the oxygen atom is removed to form aldehydes from alcohols, or to form carboxylic acids from aldehydes. Compounds with no hydrogen attached to oxygen cannot be oxidized using Swern oxidation. Examples of such compounds are tertiary alcohols and ethers.

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Definition Definition Class of organic compounds that contain a carboxyl group ( - COOH ) and has a general formula R - COOH or R - CO 2 H , where R refers to the alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, or other groups. They can undergo different chemical reactions, such as acid-base reactions, esterification, and oxidation. These are essential components of living organisms, playing important roles in metabolic processes, signaling, and as pharmaceuticals.

Chapter 12, Problem 3PP

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Accomplishment of each of the given transformations is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Swern Oxidation converts primary and secondary alcohols into aldehydes and ketones, respectively. The catalyst used is DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide), oxalyl chloride in triethylamine (organic base).

Reduction of alkyl halides to hydrocarbons is achieved by treating alkyl halides with lithium aluminum hydride (LiAlH4).

Chromic acid oxidation: Oxidation of primary alcohols to aldehydes and use of hydronium (aqueous medium) to further oxidize the aldehydes to carboxylic acids is achieved by chromic acid and water. Secondary alcohols are oxidized into ketones and no further reaction is involved, since there are no hydrogens attached to the oxygen to be removed.

Pyridinium Chlorochromate (PPC): PPC is formed from pyridine, hydrochloric acid and chromium oxide. This allows for controlled oxidation since this reaction takes place in anhydrous conditions.

Potassium Permanganate: Potassium permanganate is a strong oxidizing agent. It converts the primary alcohols and aldehydes to their corresponding carboxylic acids. It converts secondary alcohols to ketones. This is not a controlled reaction since the reaction occurs in aqueous medium.

When an oxidation takes place, the hydrogen atom attached to the oxygen atom is removed to form aldehydes from alcohols, or to form carboxylic acids from aldehydes. Compounds with no hydrogen attached to oxygen cannot be oxidized using Swern oxidation. Examples of such compounds are tertiary alcohols and ethers.

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3. Titanium(III) chloride can be used to catalyze the polymerization of ethylene. It is prepared by hydrogen reduction of Titanium(IV) chloride. Reaction of hydrogen gas with titanium(IV) chloride gas produces solid titanium(III) chloride and hydrogen chloride gas. (a) Write a BALANCED chemical reaction for the preparation of titanium(III) chloride (b) A 250 L reaction vessel at 325°C is filled with hydrogen gas to a pressure of 1.3 atm. Titanium(IV) chloride is then added to bring the total pressure to 3.00 atm. How many grams of titanium(III) chloride will be produced after completion of the reaction? (c) What will be the pressure of the resulting hydrogen chloride gas that is also produced?

Answer 2

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Definition Definition Class of organic compounds that contain a carboxyl group ( - COOH ) and has a general formula R - COOH or R - CO 2 H , where R refers to the alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, or other groups. They can undergo different chemical reactions, such as acid-base reactions, esterification, and oxidation. These are essential components of living organisms, playing important roles in metabolic processes, signaling, and as pharmaceuticals.

Chapter 12, Problem 3PP

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Accomplishment of each of the given transformations is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Swern Oxidation converts primary and secondary alcohols into aldehydes and ketones, respectively. The catalyst used is DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide), oxalyl chloride in triethylamine (organic base).

Reduction of alkyl halides to hydrocarbons is achieved by treating alkyl halides with lithium aluminum hydride (LiAlH4).

Chromic acid oxidation: Oxidation of primary alcohols to aldehydes and use of hydronium (aqueous medium) to further oxidize the aldehydes to carboxylic acids is achieved by chromic acid and water. Secondary alcohols are oxidized into ketones and no further reaction is involved, since there are no hydrogens attached to the oxygen to be removed.

Pyridinium Chlorochromate (PPC): PPC is formed from pyridine, hydrochloric acid and chromium oxide. This allows for controlled oxidation since this reaction takes place in anhydrous conditions.

Potassium Permanganate: Potassium permanganate is a strong oxidizing agent. It converts the primary alcohols and aldehydes to their corresponding carboxylic acids. It converts secondary alcohols to ketones. This is not a controlled reaction since the reaction occurs in aqueous medium.

When an oxidation takes place, the hydrogen atom attached to the oxygen atom is removed to form aldehydes from alcohols, or to form carboxylic acids from aldehydes. Compounds with no hydrogen attached to oxygen cannot be oxidized using Swern oxidation. Examples of such compounds are tertiary alcohols and ethers.

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Answer 3

Question

Definition Definition Class of organic compounds that contain a carboxyl group ( - COOH ) and has a general formula R - COOH or R - CO 2 H , where R refers to the alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, or other groups. They can undergo different chemical reactions, such as acid-base reactions, esterification, and oxidation. These are essential components of living organisms, playing important roles in metabolic processes, signaling, and as pharmaceuticals.

Chapter 12, Problem 3PP

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Accomplishment of each of the given transformations is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Swern Oxidation converts primary and secondary alcohols into aldehydes and ketones, respectively. The catalyst used is DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide), oxalyl chloride in triethylamine (organic base).

Reduction of alkyl halides to hydrocarbons is achieved by treating alkyl halides with lithium aluminum hydride (LiAlH4).

Chromic acid oxidation: Oxidation of primary alcohols to aldehydes and use of hydronium (aqueous medium) to further oxidize the aldehydes to carboxylic acids is achieved by chromic acid and water. Secondary alcohols are oxidized into ketones and no further reaction is involved, since there are no hydrogens attached to the oxygen to be removed.

Pyridinium Chlorochromate (PPC): PPC is formed from pyridine, hydrochloric acid and chromium oxide. This allows for controlled oxidation since this reaction takes place in anhydrous conditions.

Potassium Permanganate: Potassium permanganate is a strong oxidizing agent. It converts the primary alcohols and aldehydes to their corresponding carboxylic acids. It converts secondary alcohols to ketones. This is not a controlled reaction since the reaction occurs in aqueous medium.

When an oxidation takes place, the hydrogen atom attached to the oxygen atom is removed to form aldehydes from alcohols, or to form carboxylic acids from aldehydes. Compounds with no hydrogen attached to oxygen cannot be oxidized using Swern oxidation. Examples of such compounds are tertiary alcohols and ethers.

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Answer 4

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Definition Definition Class of organic compounds that contain a carboxyl group ( - COOH ) and has a general formula R - COOH or R - CO 2 H , where R refers to the alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, or other groups. They can undergo different chemical reactions, such as acid-base reactions, esterification, and oxidation. These are essential components of living organisms, playing important roles in metabolic processes, signaling, and as pharmaceuticals.

Chapter 12, Problem 3PP

Interpretation Introduction