Chapter 12, Problem 12.31P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether at $20°\text{C}$, $40°\text{C}$, $-40°\text{C}$, $-120°\text{C}$ the liquid ${\text{CO}}_2$ is present in the cylinder or not is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

The phase diagram is a combination of liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas curves and determines the effect of temperature and pressure on the phase of a substance.

When a solid phase melts it is converted into the liquid phase and when a liquid freeze it changes to a solid phase. The phase changes can be expressed as follows:

  $\text{Solid}\underset{\text{Freezing}}{\overset{\text{Melting}}{\rightleftarrows }}\text{Liquid}$

When a liquid is vaporized it changes into the gaseous phase and when a gas condenses it converts to the liquid phase. The phase changes can be expressed as follows:

  $\text{Liquid}\underset{\text{Condensation}}{\overset{\text{Vaporization}}{\rightleftarrows }}\text{Gas}$

When solid is sublimed it changes directly to the gas phase and when gas is deposited it converts directly to the solid phase. The phase changes can be expressed as follows:

  $\text{Gas}\underset{\text{Sublimation}}{\overset{\text{Deposition}}{\rightleftarrows }}\text{Solid}$

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether the solid chunks melt or not at room temperature is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

The phase diagram is a combination of liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas curves and determines the effect of temperature and pressure on the phase of a substance.

When a solid phase melts it is converted into the liquid phase and when a liquid freeze it changes to a solid phase. The phase changes can be expressed as follows:

  $\text{Solid}\underset{\text{Freezing}}{\overset{\text{Melting}}{\rightleftarrows }}\text{Liquid}$

When a liquid is vaporized it changes into the gaseous phase and when a gas condenses it converts to the liquid phase. The phase changes can be expressed as follows:

  $\text{Liquid}\underset{\text{Condensation}}{\overset{\text{Vaporization}}{\rightleftarrows }}\text{Gas}$

When solid is sublimed it changes directly to the gas phase and when gas is deposited it converts directly to the solid phase. The phase changes can be expressed as follows:

  $\text{Gas}\underset{\text{Sublimation}}{\overset{\text{Deposition}}{\rightleftarrows }}\text{Solid}$

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether the dry ice melts or not when if a container nearly filled with dry ice is sealed and warmed to room temperature is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

The phase diagram is a combination of liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas curves and determines the effect of temperature and pressure on the phase of a substance.

When a solid phase melts it is converted into the liquid phase and when a liquid freeze it changes to a solid phase. The phase changes can be expressed as follows:

  $\text{Solid}\underset{\text{Freezing}}{\overset{\text{Melting}}{\rightleftarrows }}\text{Liquid}$

When a liquid is vaporized it changes into the gaseous phase and when a gas condenses it converts to the liquid phase. The phase changes can be expressed as follows:

  $\text{Liquid}\underset{\text{Condensation}}{\overset{\text{Vaporization}}{\rightleftarrows }}\text{Gas}$

When solid is sublimed it changes directly to the gas phase and when gas is deposited it converts directly to the solid phase. The phase changes can be expressed as follows:

  $\text{Gas}\underset{\text{Sublimation}}{\overset{\text{Deposition}}{\rightleftarrows }}\text{Solid}$

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether the dry ice melts or not when dry ice is compressed at a temperature below its triple point is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

The phase diagram is a combination of liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas curves and determines the effect of temperature and pressure on the phase of a substance.

When a solid phase melts it is converted into the liquid phase and when a liquid freeze it changes to a solid phase. The phase changes can be expressed as follows:

  $\text{Solid}\underset{\text{Freezing}}{\overset{\text{Melting}}{\rightleftarrows }}\text{Liquid}$

When a liquid is vaporized it changes into the gaseous phase and when a gas condenses it converts to the liquid phase. The phase changes can be expressed as follows:

  $\text{Liquid}\underset{\text{Condensation}}{\overset{\text{Vaporization}}{\rightleftarrows }}\text{Gas}$

When solid is sublimed it changes directly to the gas phase and when gas is deposited it converts directly to the solid phase. The phase changes can be expressed as follows:

  $\text{Gas}\underset{\text{Sublimation}}{\overset{\text{Deposition}}{\rightleftarrows }}\text{Solid}$