(a) Interpretation: Electron dot structure for acrylonitrile and polyacrylonitrile and the rearranging of electron in the process of polymer should be drawn. Concept introduction: The process that results in a final product of ceramic material from raw material is known as ceramic processing. The ceramic processing starts with fine powder of raw material combined by organic binder. Then it is shaped, compacted and at last sintered at temperature of 1300-2000 °C to decrease the voids between atoms and increase the density. The strength and fracture toughness of ceramics is increased when fine grains of AL 2 O 3 are reinforced by whiskers of SiC to form hybrid materials such as also known as ceramic composites.

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Answer 1

Question

Formula Formula Bond dissociation energy (BDE) is the energy required to break a bond, making it an endothermic process. BDE is calculated for a particular bond and therefore consists of fragments such as radicals since it undergoes homolytic bond cleavage. For the homolysis of a X-Y molecule, the energy of bond dissociation is calculated as the difference in the total enthalpy of formation for the reactants and products. X-Y → X + Y BDE = Δ H f X + Δ H f Y – Δ H f X-Y where, ΔHf is the heat of formation.

Chapter 12, Problem 12.144MP

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

Electron dot structure for acrylonitrile and polyacrylonitrile and the rearranging of electron in the process of polymer should be drawn.

Concept introduction:

The process that results in a final product of ceramic material from raw material is known as ceramic processing. The ceramic processing starts with fine powder of raw material combined by organic binder. Then it is shaped, compacted and at last sintered at temperature of 1300-2000 °C to decrease the voids between atoms and increase the density.

The strength and fracture toughness of ceramics is increased when fine grains of AL₂O₃ are reinforced by whiskers of SiC to form hybrid materials such as also known as ceramic composites.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The per unit for conversion of acrylonitrile to polyacrylonitrile is to be calculated. Also, whether the reaction is exothermic or the endothermic should be determined.

Concept introduction:

The enthalpy of reaction can be calculated by sum of bond dissociation energies of all the reactants minus sum of bond dissociation energies of all the products in given chemical reaction.

The expression to calculate is as follows:

The negative sign in equation indicates that bonds will form in the products. It is an exothermic process, so the energy change is negative of bond energy.

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Answer 2

Question

Formula Formula Bond dissociation energy (BDE) is the energy required to break a bond, making it an endothermic process. BDE is calculated for a particular bond and therefore consists of fragments such as radicals since it undergoes homolytic bond cleavage. For the homolysis of a X-Y molecule, the energy of bond dissociation is calculated as the difference in the total enthalpy of formation for the reactants and products. X-Y → X + Y BDE = Δ H f X + Δ H f Y – Δ H f X-Y where, ΔHf is the heat of formation.

Chapter 12, Problem 12.144MP

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

Electron dot structure for acrylonitrile and polyacrylonitrile and the rearranging of electron in the process of polymer should be drawn.

Concept introduction:

The process that results in a final product of ceramic material from raw material is known as ceramic processing. The ceramic processing starts with fine powder of raw material combined by organic binder. Then it is shaped, compacted and at last sintered at temperature of 1300-2000 °C to decrease the voids between atoms and increase the density.

The strength and fracture toughness of ceramics is increased when fine grains of AL₂O₃ are reinforced by whiskers of SiC to form hybrid materials such as also known as ceramic composites.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The per unit for conversion of acrylonitrile to polyacrylonitrile is to be calculated. Also, whether the reaction is exothermic or the endothermic should be determined.

Concept introduction:

The enthalpy of reaction can be calculated by sum of bond dissociation energies of all the reactants minus sum of bond dissociation energies of all the products in given chemical reaction.

The expression to calculate is as follows:

The negative sign in equation indicates that bonds will form in the products. It is an exothermic process, so the energy change is negative of bond energy.

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Answer 3

Question

Formula Formula Bond dissociation energy (BDE) is the energy required to break a bond, making it an endothermic process. BDE is calculated for a particular bond and therefore consists of fragments such as radicals since it undergoes homolytic bond cleavage. For the homolysis of a X-Y molecule, the energy of bond dissociation is calculated as the difference in the total enthalpy of formation for the reactants and products. X-Y → X + Y BDE = Δ H f X + Δ H f Y – Δ H f X-Y where, ΔHf is the heat of formation.

Chapter 12, Problem 12.144MP

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

Electron dot structure for acrylonitrile and polyacrylonitrile and the rearranging of electron in the process of polymer should be drawn.

Concept introduction:

The process that results in a final product of ceramic material from raw material is known as ceramic processing. The ceramic processing starts with fine powder of raw material combined by organic binder. Then it is shaped, compacted and at last sintered at temperature of 1300-2000 °C to decrease the voids between atoms and increase the density.

The strength and fracture toughness of ceramics is increased when fine grains of AL₂O₃ are reinforced by whiskers of SiC to form hybrid materials such as also known as ceramic composites.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The per unit for conversion of acrylonitrile to polyacrylonitrile is to be calculated. Also, whether the reaction is exothermic or the endothermic should be determined.

Concept introduction:

The enthalpy of reaction can be calculated by sum of bond dissociation energies of all the reactants minus sum of bond dissociation energies of all the products in given chemical reaction.

The expression to calculate is as follows:

The negative sign in equation indicates that bonds will form in the products. It is an exothermic process, so the energy change is negative of bond energy.

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Answer 4

Question

Formula Formula Bond dissociation energy (BDE) is the energy required to break a bond, making it an endothermic process. BDE is calculated for a particular bond and therefore consists of fragments such as radicals since it undergoes homolytic bond cleavage. For the homolysis of a X-Y molecule, the energy of bond dissociation is calculated as the difference in the total enthalpy of formation for the reactants and products. X-Y → X + Y BDE = Δ H f X + Δ H f Y – Δ H f X-Y where, ΔHf is the heat of formation.

Chapter 12, Problem 12.144MP

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

Electron dot structure for acrylonitrile and polyacrylonitrile and the rearranging of electron in the process of polymer should be drawn.

Concept introduction:

The process that results in a final product of ceramic material from raw material is known as ceramic processing. The ceramic processing starts with fine powder of raw material combined by organic binder. Then it is shaped, compacted and at last sintered at temperature of 1300-2000 °C to decrease the voids between atoms and increase the density.

The strength and fracture toughness of ceramics is increased when fine grains of AL₂O₃ are reinforced by whiskers of SiC to form hybrid materials such as also known as ceramic composites.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The per unit for conversion of acrylonitrile to polyacrylonitrile is to be calculated. Also, whether the reaction is exothermic or the endothermic should be determined.

Concept introduction:

The enthalpy of reaction can be calculated by sum of bond dissociation energies of all the reactants minus sum of bond dissociation energies of all the products in given chemical reaction.

The expression to calculate is as follows:

The negative sign in equation indicates that bonds will form in the products. It is an exothermic process, so the energy change is negative of bond energy.

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Answer 5

Chapter 12, Problem 12.144MP

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

Electron dot structure for acrylonitrile and polyacrylonitrile and the rearranging of electron in the process of polymer should be drawn.

Concept introduction:

The process that results in a final product of ceramic material from raw material is known as ceramic processing. The ceramic processing starts with fine powder of raw material combined by organic binder. Then it is shaped, compacted and at last sintered at temperature of 1300-2000 °C to decrease the voids between atoms and increase the density.

The strength and fracture toughness of ceramics is increased when fine grains of AL₂O₃ are reinforced by whiskers of SiC to form hybrid materials such as also known as ceramic composites.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The per unit for conversion of acrylonitrile to polyacrylonitrile is to be calculated. Also, whether the reaction is exothermic or the endothermic should be determined.

Concept introduction:

The enthalpy of reaction can be calculated by sum of bond dissociation energies of all the reactants minus sum of bond dissociation energies of all the products in given chemical reaction.

The expression to calculate is as follows:

The negative sign in equation indicates that bonds will form in the products. It is an exothermic process, so the energy change is negative of bond energy.

Answer 6

Chapter 12, Problem 12.144MP

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

Electron dot structure for acrylonitrile and polyacrylonitrile and the rearranging of electron in the process of polymer should be drawn.

Concept introduction:

The process that results in a final product of ceramic material from raw material is known as ceramic processing. The ceramic processing starts with fine powder of raw material combined by organic binder. Then it is shaped, compacted and at last sintered at temperature of 1300-2000 °C to decrease the voids between atoms and increase the density.

The strength and fracture toughness of ceramics is increased when fine grains of AL₂O₃ are reinforced by whiskers of SiC to form hybrid materials such as also known as ceramic composites.

Answer 7

Chapter 12, Problem 12.144MP

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

Electron dot structure for acrylonitrile and polyacrylonitrile and the rearranging of electron in the process of polymer should be drawn.

Concept introduction:

The process that results in a final product of ceramic material from raw material is known as ceramic processing. The ceramic processing starts with fine powder of raw material combined by organic binder. Then it is shaped, compacted and at last sintered at temperature of 1300-2000 °C to decrease the voids between atoms and increase the density.

The strength and fracture toughness of ceramics is increased when fine grains of AL₂O₃ are reinforced by whiskers of SiC to form hybrid materials such as also known as ceramic composites.

Answer 8

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The per unit for conversion of acrylonitrile to polyacrylonitrile is to be calculated. Also, whether the reaction is exothermic or the endothermic should be determined.

Concept introduction:

The enthalpy of reaction can be calculated by sum of bond dissociation energies of all the reactants minus sum of bond dissociation energies of all the products in given chemical reaction.

The expression to calculate is as follows:

The negative sign in equation indicates that bonds will form in the products. It is an exothermic process, so the energy change is negative of bond energy.

Answer 9

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The per unit for conversion of acrylonitrile to polyacrylonitrile is to be calculated. Also, whether the reaction is exothermic or the endothermic should be determined.

Concept introduction:

The enthalpy of reaction can be calculated by sum of bond dissociation energies of all the reactants minus sum of bond dissociation energies of all the products in given chemical reaction.

The expression to calculate is as follows:

The negative sign in equation indicates that bonds will form in the products. It is an exothermic process, so the energy change is negative of bond energy.

Answer 10

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Answer 11

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Answer 12

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Answer 13

Ch. 12 - Calcium metal crystallizes in a cubic...Ch. 12 - Polonium metal crystallizes in a simple cubic...Ch. 12 - Polonium metal crystallizes in a simple cubic...Ch. 12 - The density of a sample of metal "as measured to...Ch. 12 - Zinc sulfide crystallizes in the following cubic...Ch. 12 - Prob. 12.6A Ch. 12 - Prob. 12.7P Ch. 12 - Prob. 12.8A Ch. 12 - Prob. 12.9P Ch. 12 - Prob. 12.10A

Solution Summary: The author explains that the enthalpy of reaction can be calculated by sum of bond dissociation energies of all the reactants minus sum

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